Аннотация: Being the main goal of scientific knowledge, the truth simultaneously appears as value of social and cultural being, symbolizes power and abilities of man with regard to theoretical and practical activity. The latter, especially when it comes to improvement of political and legal relationships and institutes, implies not only objective knowledge about things as they are, but some ideal meaning. This also includes ideas about things that could be positively meaningful from the point of view of morally trusted ideal. In its turn, a more or less complete implementation of such ideal is not possible without longing for truth and adequate trustworthy knowledge. In the post-non-classical era of scientific, especially social and humanitarian knowledge, classical (correspondent) understanding of truth must match a more solid than ever before account of valuebased and meaning-based factors. With regard to legal theory and practice, it is important, by fully considering the real pattern of correlation of morality and law, to carry out a consistent axiological, humanistically oriented of certain results but of projects aiming modify legislation. Essentially, the core of personal responsibility and professional competence in this regard is equally determined by practically proven knowledge about man and society and by positive charge of conduct signposted with rules of morality. Despite apparent efficiency of formally legal mechanisms intended for solving various social and individual conflicts in the modern Russia, it is moral and ethical notions and principles that remain to be crucial as far as promotion of justice is concerned and also with regard to relatively painless solving of the said conflicts and purely human problems. Considering particular features of national culture and philosophy, we ought to seek not the minimum but the maximum of morality of law. Including the insight into the truth, this attitude allows to see positive perspectives of further expansion and convergence of the said forms of social regulation. This is how value-based dimension of the truth is revealed in general.

Аннотация: In this article the author surveys the problems connected with passing of humanity to the information-oriented society which have a new structure where the main role is taken by the departments which are closely linked with receiving, spreading and handling the information and that leads to the transformation of human being. Information and knowledge becomes more significant factors of production and motive power of economical development and the well-being of the society. Information-oriented society is going to replace industrialized society, and it have some specific features such as in the main new technological way of reproduction of the whole system of human relations and temper of intercommunication between human, technics and nature. This article focuses on the four internal connected fundamental features of the forming Information-oriented society: Change of the information and knowledge role in human society which expressed prima facie in unprecedented increasing informational saturation of economic, administrating, law enforcement and other activity spheres and transformation of the information and knowledge to the main source of the socialeconomical development. Transformation of the information industry to the most dynamic, profitable and prestigious productive branch, which provides the leading role of detached countries and cities in the world economy system. Origin of advanced market infrastructure of information and informational services consumption and specifically wide adoption of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) in different live spheres not only in professional and domestic at that. Profound changes in models of social organization and cooperation, when in all spheres of the society changes of centralized hierarchical structures to the flexible network types of organization take place, this types of organization are adept to the rapid sweep and innovative development. On this ground premises for considerable rise of production efficiency, economy of the natural resources, environmental protection, passing from stabilization period to steady development are being created. This article concludes that in the era of total informatization and creating of Information-oriented society, united informational space becomes one of the most stategenerating indication and obligatory term and characteristic of the Information- oriented society itself. One of the most objective processes which should be taken into account by the modern world is globalization, created by explosive development of Information Technologies, creating of global networks, triumph of market economy, liberalization of world trade system, transport development. Somehow or other all of this factors leads to the washing out of the political and national borders and to the acceleration pace of industrialization and unifying of the cultures, partly at the expense of creating new global conglomerates in information, telecommunication and leisure spheres. We should bear in mind that globalization gives not only new opportunities and solutions but it also brings new problems, such as, financial crisis which should be predicted and considerate in daily activities. It also concludes that, from the 70s years of the XX century clearly formed not only planetary scales of industrial society, but the worldwide crisis also took place and showed up the origin of the humanity global problems. They revealed itself as an objective factor of development of the modern society in all regions, touched interests of all humanity and its local dependence could occur peril to the world society and its future. Difference of the modern situation from the existing in previous ages is that anthropogenic changes in living milieu have a negative impact on the human nature, human needs, biological, spiritual and ecological conditions. Determination of humanity global problems is possible only in framework of Information-oriented society.

Аннотация: Historical and theoretical roots of people’s representation in general have been thoroughly well known by historians of legal science, but modern research drawing on the origins of people’s representation is likely to face considerable difficulties and hazards, which are barely surmountable in order to recreate an integral, consistent and free of contradictions pattern of formation and development of functional representation system in the field of public authority. The author of the article determines which institutions of public authority have laid foundation of becoming and development of institutes of representation democracy which should be understood as the starting point of this process thus directly and indirectly contributing to formation of representation authorities. The article also addresses a number of other issues, specifically: what was the precursor of people’s representation, what political institution even in the very beginning of its existence contained future potential of people’s representation including the direction of its development. The author of this article considered the origination of the Cortes in Spain, formation of the English Parliament and establishment of States General in France. The author looking back to historical roots of people’s representation emerging from the depths of society and expressing in the most clear-cut manner the idea of people’s sovereignty, the idea of the law as embodiment of common will aiming to achieve the common good, attempts to determine how efficient people’s representation can be today as far as its social roles are concerned. Based on historical theory methodology, the author showed how efficiently people’s representation can contribute to development of democratic rule, by ensuring public dialogue of people and authorities about directions of development of society and state and about selection of ways and means of solving objectives and problems. And to what extent it can organize public movement intended for serving supreme spiritual goals, creation of healthy statehood and preventing severance of authorities from society, its full and uncontrolled domination of society, while ensuring political and personal liberty of human being.

Аннотация: State monitoring of the subsoil resources condition is an integral component of the state environmental monitoring (state ecological monitoring). According to the Regulations on conducting state monitoring of the condition of the Russian Federation subsoil resources, approved by Order of the Russian Federation Ministry of Natural Resources № 433 and dated May 21, 2001, state monitoring of condition of subsoil resources or geological environment is a system of regular observations, data collection, compiling, processing and analysis of information, assessment of the condition of the geological environment and forecast of its changes under the impact of natural factors, use of subsoil resources and other types of economic activities. State monitoring of subsoil resources condition is an integral component (subsystem) of the complex system of the environmental monitoring. The Ministry of Natural Resources оf the Russian Federation carries out the works on state monitoring of the subsoil resources condition in cooperation with other specially authorized state agencies in the sphere of protection of environment and nature management. However, the existing regulation on state monitoring of the subsoil resources condition, in reality does not have regulatory mechanisms, providing exercising of power in the state monitoring of the subsoil resources condition by the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation. The existing regulation also does not enable the state agencies of Krai, Oblast and other local governments in the Russian Federation to participate in carrying out of the state environmental monitoring with the right to establish and provide functioning of territorial systems of observation of the state of environment on their respective territories, although Article 6 of the Federal Law “On Environmental Protection” (№ 7-FZ) dated January 10, 2002 does provide for granting such power to local governments. It does not also include participation in carrying out of the state monitoring of the subsoil resources condition, based on the analysis of the Regulations on organization and implementation of the state environmental monitoring, (state ecological monitoring) approved by Resolution № 177 of the Russian Federation Government. This article contains analysis of the existing Russian Federation legislation, which gives the definition of “state monitoring of the subsoil resources condition” and states its correlation with the state environmental monitoring (state ecological monitoring) and requirements to the method of its organization and carrying out, with the purpose of identifying deficiencies of the legal regulation in the mentioned area, and, herewith, aiming at development of proposals on how to improve the existing legislation of the Russian Federation and legislations of its local governments, related to the problems of state monitoring of subsoil resources condition.

Аннотация: The article deals with the place of the norms of law of civil procedure, regulating the order of proceedings on the cases arising from public legal relations. The substantive approach to the differentiation of the procedures in civil and arbitration procedure according to the peculiarities of law enforcement activities was chosen as a starting point of this article. Comparing activity of the court on enforcement of material law in adversary proceedings and the proceedings arising from public legal relations and analyzing generally excepted criteria of division of these kinds of proceedings, as well as characteristics of proceedings arising from public legal relations, the author comes to the conclusion that the above mentioned categories and characteristics “do not work,” because they both together as well as separately, may be typical for the cases, examined both in adversary and special proceedings. In other words these characteristics in theory or practice do not allow to define strictly according to what procedure the case is to be tried and solved. As a result additional argumentation of scientific points of view on inclusion of norms, regulating proceedings on cases arising from public legal relations into adversary proceedings was proposed. Out of categories of cases regarded by the law in force as the proceedings arising from public legal relations the author separates the cases on invalidation of normative legal acts because law enforcement activities in these cases has important special features. Here we do not have all stages of enforcement of the material law and the court interprets the norms of material law. After study of the cases on invalidation of normative legal acts through the prism of law enforcement and finding peculiarities of such law enforcement, the author came to some conclusions: First. The author supports the point of view that the procedure of the court examination of normative acts needs special regulation. Second. If other cases arising from public legal relations are of the same substance as actionable cases and they are to be classified in a group of special adversary proceedings, then cases on normocontrol substantively differ from adversary proceedings and thus have to have their own specific procedure delimited from adversary proceedings. Third. The norms, regulating examination of cases on normocontrol should not be classified in the same subgroup with other cases arising from public legal relations. In conclusion the author puts out a proposal to pass the decision of cases connected with contestable normative acts to the competence of constitutional (ustavny) courts .

Аннотация: The problem of combating corruption has been always there. Knowing quantitative and qualitative features of corruption and revealing reasons and conditions of corruption crime that are especially relevant today development of effective measures of deterring such crime is barely possible without conducting scientific research and developments related specifically to criminological evaluation of economic and other consequences of this social hazard. As far as research methodology is concerned it is less labor-consuming but otherwise more difficult, due political, departmental and other reasons to address the problem of rating bribery, analysis of corruption specifics within particular areas of organizational, economic, educational, law-enforcement and managerial activities. Development and implementation of various means of combating corruption crime is barely feasible without objective scientific evaluation of the socalled positive aspects of corrupt conduct. Of course it is unthinkable to consider corruption as a public good. However, since this phenomenon actually exists it is necessary to assess it in quantitative and qualitative terms from criminological point of view, determine its reasons, and develop means of opposing it. Comparative analysis of conditions, structure and dynamics of corruption crime worldwide shows that unlike Russian Federation many other nations that quite recently were known for high levels of domestic corruption crime, have lately embarked on a steady positive trend of dealing with this sort of crime. Russian Federation tends to draw on experience of these countries albeit in a random, irregular way. Russian researches that are dedicated to combating crime abroad mainly comment on respective regulations which from our Russian point of view seem to be by far not adequate. Lawmaking and law-enforcement practices in all ages and countries have shown that given multiple ways and means of deterring bribery, there is no better remedy for this disease other than harsh penal punishment of the guilty ones.

Аннотация: The Middle East conflict has continued for more than 60 years now. Israel and Palestine, which has not moulded its sovereignty yet are parties to it. There are several causes of the Middle East conflict. They piled up gradually joining together. The author of the article undertakes an effort to find out the causes of the conflict. During the past sixty years a rare year has been peaceful for inhabitants of this region. Unfortunately, almost every year armed conflicts broke out in the region, sometimes they developed into bloodsheds. Tens of thousands of lives have been destroyed, the damage is assessed in billions of dollars. The United Nations General Assembly and the Security Council resolutions adopted in different years form the international legal basis for the Middle East peace settlement. Recently the international community has been taking a great deal of effort to settle the Middle East conflict. The four cosponsors of the Middle East peace settlement such as the United Nations, the European Union, the Russian Federation and the United States of America do their best in order to ensure peace in the Middle East now and forever. In 2009 an international conference on the Middle East is to be held in Russia. Its results will surely be helpful for a peaceful settlement of the conflict. Russia does not support any one party to the abovementioned conflict the way it did back in the Soviet times. It does not look for the right and the wrong. Russia wishes a permanent peace would be really brought about in the long-suffering Middle East land. The Middle East conflict has lasted over more than 60 years. A significant number of armed conflicts, including four big wars have broken out during this period. On the one hand, Israel, on the other – the adjacent Arab counties and Palestine, which has not gained its sovereignty yet, are parties to this conflict. The author of the article is trying to find out the causes of the Middle East conflict and considering possible ways of its settlement. A number of efforts has been taken recently to settle the Middle East problem. The Russian Federation as a cosponsor of the Middle East Settlement makes its contribution to this noble cause. It is planned to hold an international conference in Moscow in the near future. Hopefully its results will help the conflicting parties and the international community to bring forward the time for a final settlement of the Middle East conflict.

Аннотация: Economic and political instability in various regions of the world adversely affects the safety of sea navigation, creating additional difficulties on the whole ship route. In order to keep a cargo conserved it is necessary to join efforts of every subject of legal relationship from shippers to employees at the auxiliary transport terminal. Integration of obligations is a proven approach to repayment as applied to essential risks of one or another type. This concept represents one of the most important traditions in the insurance practice and the method for risk repayment tested up during long term history for scale risks of a certain kind. The contributions to an insurance pool are considered to be either proportional to the transferred premium value or to the established parities. Both losses and rested responsibility are taken into account by these payments. Undoubtedly, humanitarian crisis in its displays affects current formats of the reinsurance. For example, if the formats of the so-called “dark blue card,” manifesting the intentions of the insurer, really need to be changed preliminary, it would be obligatory to establish optimum sizes of the capital investments and then to state, who (insurer, insurant, P&I club, namely) pays the limiting shares as a whole. Deficit in the informational exchange obviously aggravates cardinal distinctions between different homogeneous techniques for calculating the insurance payments. Unambiguous losses of transport operation in any case provide a reason for investigating casual relations with due regard for different factors. Though, if the declared insurance cost mismatches real situation, any reinsurance procedure hardly supposes even relative objectivity for the undertaken calculations. Obligatory reinsurance is disputable enough. It leads to actual crushing the tonnage at an establishment of the instant of the risk origination. Such method allows one to overcome the loss of an individual source for the insurance cover on retention of general priorities for a whole insurance portfolio. But it heavily requires the clients with an adequate corporate concept of the insurance to be available. Such contingent of clients should be created taking use of the important reinsurance persons. Bearing in mind that the beginning of war conflict affects the fundamental basis of the reinsurance for a hazard cargo, the predictability of the anticipated losses must be provided as soon as possible. Though a lot of market players continue to adhere traditional ways for creating portfolio of insurance payments getting around of which the risks are not comprehensible. Military risks as innovation to be included to the insurance cover do not form the steady way of commercial activity. In this case the character of immediate reinsurance is considered to be as alternative free. Hence, it is possible to separate some options for the insurance, objectively influencing the transportation operation. But the order of legal regulation of the procedures for insurance and reinsurance as well is not settled by this.

Аннотация: The national legal order of each state has a certain cultural-andideological as well as civilizational base. Those are the bases to a large extent determining the course of evolution of national legal systems as well as qualitative direction of attractors at bifurcation points. Axiological analysis of the said ideological foundations of modern legal systems’ functioning is of an undeniable value both in terms of analytical-andretrospective tasks of legal science and in terms of forecasting functions of jurisprudence. The below paper deals with ideological bases of the French legal system formation and institutionalization. By means of a consistent step-by-step analysis of the course of the modern-identification-type French legal system evolution the author draws a conclusion that the legal system in question was affected by the following major ideological determinants: – the “rationalistic natural right” doctrine – historically one of the first ethical theories that had a paramount impact on understanding by the French state power structures of the essence of law-understanding and law-formation processes; – “legal dogmatism” – the ethical trend that has always had and is currently having a predominant influence on the French legal system development over the whole history of the Continental-European legal thinking style objectivation; – “legal mysticism” having 2 forms of practical manifestation: the natural- right form reflected in the works by the French Enlightenment thinkers (in particular, J.-J. Rousseau) the form of “legal fetishism;” – sociological right theory (was manifested in practice, first of all, in the French theory of legal instructions’ interpretation); – “legal neo-fetishism” of a supra-national nature (start of the objectivation period – mid-XX century).

Аннотация: 17 июня 2009 г. Московская государственная юридическая академия имени О.Е. Кутафина в сотрудничестве с Посольством Французской Республики в Российской Федерации, Верховным Судом Российской Федерации, Высшим Арбитражным Судом Российской Федерации, Конституционным Судом Российской Федерации и Генеральной прокуратурой Российской Федерации провела франко-российскую конференцию «Независимость судей и прокуроров: новые вызовы, новые ответы». В ходе конференции обсуждались представляющие взаимный интерес вопросы, связанные с давлением на судей и прокуроров со стороны средств массовой информации, с проблемами коррупции, со сроками судебного разбирательства и т.п. В работе конференции (с российской стороны) приняли участие председатель Высшего Арбитражного Суда РФ (в отставке) В.Ф. Яковлев, судья Конституционного Суда РФ (в отставке) Т.Г. Морщакова, первый заместитель председателя Вышего Арбитражного Суда РФ Е.Ю. Валявина, судьи Вышего Арбитражного Суда РФ С.В. Сарбаш и Т.В. Завьялова, судья Верховного Суда РФ, секретарь Пленума Верховного Суда РФ В.В. Дорошков, заместитель Генерального прокурора РФ В.В. Малиновский, начальник Управления Генеральной прокуратуры РФ О.Т. Анкудинов, сотрудники судебных и правоохранительных органов России, профессорско-преподавательский состав МГЮА и других высших учебных заведений России. Французскую сторону представляли начальник отдела Департамента статуса, деонтологии и уголовных дел Министерства юстиции Франции Мари-Алет Трапе, первый заместитель председателя Суда большой инстанции г. Мана Филипп Мюри, первый секретарь Посольства Франции в России Венсан Фалькоз, советник по правовым и судебным вопросам Посольства Франции в России Элен Филлиоль. Вниманию читателей предлагается стенограмма конференции.

Аннотация: Moscow State Law Academy traditionally inspires and organizes scientific discussions and debates on the most topical issues of law and administration of justice. The chair of criminal procedure law of Moscow State Law Academy proposed a new and original form for the organization of scientific debates: an interuniversity round-table discussion of three monographs: “Evidences and Proving in Criminal Cases” by S.A. Shafer, “Issues of Theory of Evidences in Criminal Proceedings” by Yu.К. Оrlov, and “Proving in Criminal Procedure. Learning Package” by V.A. Lazareva.

Аннотация: Статья посвящена проблемам мотивированности вердиктов присяжных заседателей в Бельгии, Австрии, Испании, Великобритании и России. В статье отмечается, что, традиционно, присяжные заседатели не были обязаны мотивировать свой вердикт. Это правило, исторически возникшее в Великобритании, было распространено на все модели производства в суде присяжных. Однако вхождение ряда европейских государств в сферу действия Конвенции о защите прав человека и основных свобод изменило подход к этому фундаментальному правилу производства в суде присяжных. Европейская Конвенция признает за лицом, которому предъявлено уголовное обвинение, право на получение мотивированного судебного решения. В своих постановлениях по делам Таске против Бельгии (Taxquet v. Belgium) от 13.01.2009 г., 16.11.2010 г. и Гоктепе против Бельгии (Goktepe v. Belgium) от 02.06.2005 г. Европейский Суд установил, что, хотя статья 6 Конвенции не требует от присяжных мотивировать свой вердикт, причины осуждения подсудимого присяжными должны быть понятны из вердикта. Указанные позиции ЕСПЧ оказали существенное влияние на законодательство и практику ряда европейских стран. В статье рассматривается реформа суда присяжных в Бельгии, где законом о внесении изменений в УПК Бельгии от 21 декабря 2009 г. на присяжных заседателей возложена обязанность «сформулировать основные (главные) причины своего решения». В статье рассматривается уголовно-процессуальное законодательство Австрии, согласно которому старшина присяжных кратко излагает в письменном виде доводы, на которых были основаны итоги голосования, которые вместе с вердиктом передаются председательствующему судье. Автор статьи рассматривает два способа решения рассматриваемой проблемы в Испании: гибкий (минималистский) и требовательный (максималистский). Первый подход предполагает возложение обязанности на присяжных заседателей лишь перечислить доказательства, подтверждающие их ответы на вопросы вердикта. Второй подход исходит из обязательности подробного пояснения связи содержания доказательства с установленным присяжными заседателями фактом. В статье подчеркивается, что оба подхода применяются «параллельно», в зависимости от того о каком вердикте идет речь (обвинительном или оправдательном), а также в зависимости от того, прямыми или косвенными доказательствами оперирует обвинение. В статье раскрывается одна из причин того, что указанные выше изменения не затронули судебную практику Великобритании. Завершает статью рассмотрение требований к вердикту присяжных заседателей по УПК РФ, соблюдение которых, по мнению автора, является гарантией реализации в российской судебной практике указанных позиций Европейского Суда.