Аннотация: Автором рассмотрено имеющее конституционно-правовую природу право на разумный срок судопроизводства и исполнения судебного акта как один из составных элементов конституционного права человека на судебную защиту через призму европейских стандартов справедливого судебного разбирательства. На примере данного права показана роль Конституционного Суда РФ как проводника европейских ценностей в российскую правовую систему. Рассматривая положения Федерального закона «О компенсации за нарушение права на судопроизводство в разумный срок или права на исполнение судебного акта в разумный срок» от 30 апреля 2010 г. № 69-ФЗ, автор отмечает отдельные проблемы данного закона, в частности, в Законе не указан такой критерий, как «степень заинтересованности заявителя в исходе дела» или «степень риска для заявителя», который должен учитываться российскими судами при присуждении компенсации за нарушение права на судебное разбирательство в разумный срок, тогда как Европейский суд признает его значимым. Одной из основных проблем закона следует назвать тот факт, что присуждение компенсации за нарушение разумного срока исполнения судебного акта возможно, в соответствии с российским законодательством, только в том случае, если судебный акт предусматривает обращение взыскания на средства бюджетов бюджетной системы РФ (то есть судебным решением присуждены денежные суммы), что не отвечает обязательствам Российской Федерации перед Советом Европы. В статье сформулированы предло-жения по совершенствованию данных положений закона исходя из практики Европейского суда по правам человека. Также автором отмечено, что практика Европейского Суда по правам человека исходит из того, что принцип разумности срока судебного разбирательства может при определенных обстоятельствах применяться и к самому Конституционному Суду, хотя и с учетом специфики его деятельности. Учитывая тот факт, что Конвенция о защите прав человека и основных свобод 1950 г. – «живой инструмент», смысл и содержание которого раскрывается в практике Европейского суда по правам человека «с учетом условий сегодняшнего дня», можно утверждать, что благодаря правовым позициям Конституционного Суда РФ в российскую правовую систему имплементируются не только положения Конвенции, но и прецеденты Европейского Суда по правам человека, задающего самые высокие стандарты в области защиты прав человека при отправлении правосудия. Автор подчеркивает, что именно на Конституционный Суд РФ сегодня возлагаются особые надежды, связанные с тем, чтобы принятый Закон о компенсации не стал лишь препятствием для российских граждан на пути обращения в Европейский Суд по правам человека, но создал эффективный механизм защиты от нарушения права на судебное разбирательство и исполнение судебных актов в разумный срок.

DOI: 10.7256/1729-5920.2014.1.10290

Аннотация: Гражданско-процессуальный кодекс Китая – один из основных актов государства, отражающий принцип стандартизации процесса гражданского судопроизводства. Действовавший Гражданско-процессуаль¬ный кодекс КНР был разработан в 1991 г. В 2007 г. Правительство КНР внесло поправки, касающиеся надзора за гражданским судопроизводством и порядка ис-полнения принятых решений. Но вследствие быстрого экономического разви-тия Китая количество новых типов гражданских дел непрерывно увеличивается, а существующая гражданско-процессуальная система была не способна в полной мере удовлетворить требования правосудия. Новый Гражданско-процессуальный кодекс КНР вступил в законную силу в 2013 г. В этом ГПК Китая закреплен принцип добросовестности, выступающий в качестве ориентира для судей и сторон по делу; созданы система судопроизводства общественных исков, система судопроизводства злонамеренных исков, система судопроизводства мелких исков, система помощи по защите прав и интересов третьей стороны и др.; усовершенствована система судопроизводства. Эти и другие вопросы нашли отражение в данной статье. Кроме этого, было прокомментировано новое содержание гарантии права сторон на подачу исков, основывающееся на новой процедуре принятия дела на рассмотрение, права ходатайствовать о пересмотре дела и системе предоставления доказательств.

Аннотация: Clear conception of citizens’ legal behavior motives is of great importance for efficient professional legal activities which is the key component of legal regulation practice. The authors classify legal behavior on the basis of motives. The article gives the data on the results of sociological research of legal ethics for lawyers in action. 800 people were enquired in the course of the research. Citizens’ legal behavior motives were included in questionnaire. The article holds the comparison table showing lawyers’ approach to motives of citizens’ legal behavior depending on their professional specialization. The comparative analysis of lawyers’ evaluation of citizens’ motives in Soviet and postsoviet period is given. The drawings are also attached. They explain the results of sociological research based on the method of structural taxоnomy.

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Аннотация: This work deals with the high priority issue of social solidarity. The problem is analyzed widely: psychological, political, legal aspects of solidarity have been studied. Much attention is paid to review of legal “solidaristic,” geopolitical, anthropological and other solidarity concepts. There have been studies of different opinions related to establishment of borders, localization of political space, specifics of political institutes, involvement of political emotions and fantasies. Together with the study of political and legal specifics of solidarity as a phenomenon and a condition, its metaphysical and philosophical basis have been investigated. In the process of deep study of the subject (the author used such studies in his investigation), deepest aspects of solidarity go to the foreground. It becomes obvious that the tendency and unrecognized desire to integrity, unity and corporativity appear in the very nature of social: solidarity becomes initial in relation to all the rest of division, differentiation and individualization processes. Ultimately, even localization and division processes lead in the end to the following, large-scale or even global cooperation. The work analyzes the most important statements of theories that prioritize the solidarity and unity problem. Naturally, the most attention is paid to socalled “juridical solidarity,” that developed theoretical and legal basis for investigation of solidarity issues. Another influential intellectual movement that put the problem of global solidarity and unification to the foreground was geopolitics. Unfortunately, modern legal theory does not pay enough attention to both ideas: the first one has been almost forgotten, the second one just started to be extensively recognized. Solidarity in some sense is an imagery category. The ideal complete solidarity has never existed anywhere, therefore, it served only as a slogan or call. To some degree, the social unity can be achieved, it is indicated by the previous results of numerous social experiments such as building of empires, unions, “reichs,” communities etc. Inseparably, solidarity is connected with power; power forms the unity and is created itself by social unity. Set of means used by the authorities (most often it is presented as a state, however, not only as a state) to create and main tain the unity is huge. However, enforcement is used the most, with or without legal forms. Sometimes it is equipped with the set of fine instruments, sometimes it is presented as a brute force: when power grows to the level of a reign, then solidarity becomes a dead mechanism and an unmovable monolith. Solidarity is implemented in small social formations as well as on imperial or global level. Globalization processes cannot skip the solidarity problem. Combination of dynamics and balance (that is also dynamic) helps to provide the desirable order for solidarity. This may be the order of national communities, “large spaces” or global order. Order in particular, social (and legal as its derivation), makes the nature of solidarity, when the whole, naturally dominates upon its parts and cannot be described as only their sum. Thus, integrity, order and unity – these are the main components of solidarity. As we accept this as granted, then we may have a different look at deep processes that take place in modern society, where call to solidarity is seen more clear and where it becomes to be recognized in spite of all disintegrating, demagogic and shallow ideological layers and patterns.

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DOI: 10.7256/1729-5920.2014.1.10287

Аннотация: В древнем Китае в практике управления государством как единым организмом политическая философия и культура, ядром которой выступала конфуцианская этика, в равной степени имели решающее значение. В современном Китае развитие стратегии «управления государством при верховенстве закона» также опирается на фундамент китайской культуры; в государственной модели управления по-прежнему дает о себе знать традиционный культурный ген. Несмотря на то, что в процессе перехода от традиционного типа общества к современному Китай претерпел глубокие социальные трансформации, формирование и развитие стратегии «управления при верховенстве закона», как и прежде, хотя и в иной степени, обусловливается двумя фундаментальными факторами – самодержавной традиционной политической культурой и этикой. Вместе с тем китайская культура, обретшая за свою многотысячелетнюю историю ряд характерных специфических особенностей, внутренне амбивалентна: она несет в себе как положительный потенциал, так и архаические элементы, явно контрастирующие с духом современности. Взять на вооружение рациональные стороны традиционной китайской культуры и расстаться с тем, что не соответствует современности и сковывает развитие отжившим грузом далекого прошлого, – вот те предпосылки, наличие которых способно вывести реализацию стратегии «управления государством при верховенстве закона» на совершенно новый уровень.

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DOI: 10.7256/1729-5920.2014.1.63781

Аннотация: В Древнем Китае в практике управления государством как единым организмом политическая философия и культура, ядром которой выступала конфуцианская этика, в равной степени имели решающее значение. В современном Китае развитие стратегии «управление государством при верховенстве закона» также опирается на фундамент китайской культуры; в государственной модели управления по-прежнему дает о себе знать традиционный культурный ген. Несмотря на то, что в процессе перехода от традиционного типа общества к современному Китай претерпел глубокие социальные трансформации, формирование и развитие стратегии «управление при верховенстве закона», как и прежде, хотя и в иной степени, обусловливается двумя фундаментальными факторами – самодержавной традиционной политической культурой и этикой. Вместе с тем китайская культура, обретшая за свою многотысячелетнюю историю ряд характерных специфических особенностей, внутренне амбивалентна: она несет в себе как положительный потенциал, так и архаические элементы, явно контрастирующие с духом современности. Взять на вооружение рациональные стороны традиционной китайской культуры и расстаться с тем, что не соответствует современности и сковывает развитие отжившим грузом далекого прошлого, – вот те предпосылки, наличие которых способно вывести реализацию стратегии «управление государством при верховенстве закона» на совершенно новый уровень.

Аннотация: The article proves that the particular topicality of the social responsibility in the contemporary world needs not only the study of the social life’s reality, but also the clarification of some theoretical and logical and conception problems. From the author’s point of view, the responsibility can be regarded as a whole social phenomenon presenting itself as a social responsibility. It is marked with subject and object relations including the requirements to the subject of the responsibility stipulated by actual society’s conditions (economic, political, spiritual etc.) and his or her reaction to them. The article underlines that the responsibility is a complicated system formation. The responsibility’s analysis from its carrier’s point of view permits to address to the subject of the responsibility. The activity’s character is a ground for the extraction of the professional, social, family responsibility etc. In axiological plan the subject and object relations acquire the forms of the moral and legal responsibility. The author assumes that the positive and negative significance of the responsibility acquires the apparent theoretical importance. The article underlines that the most important thing in the philosophic exploration of the social responsibility are its positive components, which determine the conscious, active subject’s attitude to the reality, skills in the present’s projection to the future (rather than its negative significance, responsibility for the ‘guilt’). The author supports the opinion of those jurisprudents who believe that the positive legal responsibility is the most important element of the legal status of the subject of responsibility. The article touches upon the problem of the perception of the moral and legal responsibility by subject. According to the author, the requirements to the person from the law and social morale can be accepted by him or her either as internally necessary or externally imposed (alien). The ‘measure of the responsibility’ is a balance between the internal and external, positive and negative attitude to these requirements. The author believes that the personal responsibility is stipulated by influence of the macrocosm and microcosm’s values subjectively perceived by a person in accordance with his or her cultural level, moral maturity, psychological organization etc. The personal responsibility includes not only the ‘feeling of the responsibility’ (personal emotions and feelings encompassed by ‘soulfulness’ conception): it assumes the conscious attitude to the consequences of the person’s actions, i.e. presence of the ‘spirituality’ in the person. The article brings the circumstances for analysis, which are the source of the low level responsibility of the member of the society and puts emphasis thereon that the degree and nature of the external circumstances’ influence depends on the individual’s personal properties. Finally, the author comes to conclusion that the wholly responsible person is a person originally aware of the consequences of his or her behaviour and activity and capable to act aiming at the future results. In connection therewith the society (and the state, on his behalf) are obliged to create such an economic, social, spiritual, political and legal situation, which would not eliminate the responsible behaviour and contribute to its growth.

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DOI: 10.7256/1729-5920.2014.1.10284

Аннотация: Судебная справедливость есть справедливость в юридическом смысле и справедливость в значении доказывания. Для ее осуществления требуется наличие у правоприменителей юридического мышления. Без него трудно определить истинное значение нормы права. Юридическое мышление включает два уровня: во-первых, на концептуальном уровне отличается от мышления обычных людей методологическими принципами; во-вторых, на конкретном уровне юристы должны иметь фактические юридические навыки применения законов. Осуществление судебной справедливости представляет собой огромную социальную задачу. Познание закономерностей юридического мышления, формирование навыков такого мышления является необходимым условием реализации судебной справедливости. Этическое несовершенство правоприменителя приводит к тому, что навыки юридического мышления не только не способствуют, но и прямо препятствуют осуществлению судебной справедливости. Формирование юридического мышления является лишь первым этапом реализации судебной справедливости. Вместе с тем юридическое мышление не может отдаляться от социальной потребности в правосудии, а напротив, должно ей соответствовать.

DOI: 10.7256/1729-5920.2014.1.63782

Аннотация: Судебная справедливость есть справедливость в юридическом смысле и справедливость в значении доказывания. Для ее осу-ществления требуется наличие у правоприменителей юридического мышления. Без него трудно определить истинное значение нормы права. Юридическое мышление включает два уровня: во-первых, на концептуальном уровне отличается от мышления обычных людей методологическими принципами; во-вторых, на конкретном уровне юристы должны иметь фактические юридические навыки применения законов. Осуществление судебной справедливости представляет собой огромную социальную задачу. Познание закономерностей юридического мышления, формирование навыков такого мышления является необходимым условием реализации судебной справедливости. Этическое несовершенство правоприменителя приводит к тому, что навыки юридического мышления не только не способствуют, но и прямо препятствуют осуществлению судебной справедливости. Формирование юридического мышления является лишь первым этапом реализации судебной справедливости. Вместе с тем юридическое мышление не может отдаляться от социальной потребности в правосудии, а напротив, должно ей соответствовать.

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Аннотация: От редакции. Предлагаемая статья представляет собой перепечатку найденной в архиве покойного профессора О.Ф. Шишова рукописи тогда еще аспирантки Т.Л. Сергеевой, датированной 1944 г. Кроме автора и даты написания рукописи, о ней более неизвестно ничего: была ли она опубликована или доложена, по какому случаю была написана и т.д. При этом содержание рукописи представляет известный интерес, почему и было принято решение о ее опубликовании. Кандидат юридических наук, доцент Т.Л. Сергеева известна в основном старшему поколению ученых-криминалистов. Долгие годы она работала во Всесоюзном юридическом заочном институте, где вместе с профессором М.М. Исаевым была научным руководителем у будущего заведующего кафедрой уголовного права ВЮЗИ профессора Б.В. Здравомыслова по его кандидатской диссертации. Из известных ее работ можно назвать «Вопросы виновности и вины в практике Верховного Суда СССР по уголовным делам» (М.; Л., 1950. 184 с.), «Уголовно-правовая охрана социалистической собственности в СССР» (М., 1954. 156 с.), «Основания уголовной ответственности по советскому уголовному праву» (в сб.: «Ученые записки ВНИИСЗ. Вып. 1 (18)». М., 1964). При подготовке статьи к печати были сделаны только редакционные поправки. Вследствие плохого качества сохранившегося текста в ряде мест его расшифровать не удалось, и соответствующие фрагменты отмечены знаком <…>. Структурно рукопись состоит из двух частей: кратких обобщающих тезисов (начало статьи) и основного текста.

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DOI: 10.7256/1729-5920.2014.1.10360

Аннотация: Административные задачи во всех странах сходные, но адми-нистративно-правовая наука – разная. Развитие науки административного права в КНР началось с 80-х гг. прошлого века после провозглашения политики реформ и открытости. На ее становление и развитие оказали влияние романо-германская и англосаксонская правовые семьи, и конечно, советская административно-правовая наука. Все это не могло не сказаться на китайской правовой науке. В целом развитие науки административного права КНР всегда сопровождается развитием административного закондательства и нормоустановления. В процессе совместного развития наука администра-тивного права КНР играет роль путеводители законодательства и правосудия, критика реалий правопримениения. В настоящее время китайская административная правовая отрасль уже создана, хотя у нее еще много недостатков. В дальнейшем будет осуществляться ее эволюция на основе достижений мировой и китайской науки. Наряду с указанными аспектами в статье дана характеристика этапов раз-вития науки административного права Китая, в частности, выделены три периода (так называемый пробельный; становления, развития и преобразования), показаны характерные особенности разрабатываемых административно-правовой наукой проблем, например, вопросы приоритетности административно-правовой защиты по сравнению с структурой государственного административного аппарата, значения административных процедур, по сравнению с материальным правом и др. Кроме того, показана степень исследования принципов административного права.

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Аннотация: Author defends the thesis that in the modern democratic civil society the law is called upon above all to contribute to the harmonization of the public interests, and not to overcome possible conflicts and contradictions that have arisen as a result of their opposition. In this sense, the study of the public opinion on the problems, related to the application and improvement of laws, is examined as a prerequisite for the overcoming of possible social conflicts of interests in their very bud. The modern public practice unambiguously testifies that is one of the most productive branches in the development of the applied social; scientific researches.

DOI: 10.7256/1729-5920.2014.1.10460

Аннотация: Гражданско-процессуальный кодекс Китая – один из основных актов государства, отражающий принцип стандартизации процесса гражданского судопроизводства. Действовавший Гражданско-процессуаль¬ный кодекс КНР был разработан в 1991 г. В 2007 г. Правительство КНР внесло поправки, касающиеся надзора за гражданским судопроизводством и порядка ис-полнения принятых решений. Но вследствие быстрого экономического разви-тия Китая количество новых типов гражданских дел непрерывно увеличивается, а существующая гражданско-процессуальная система была не способна в полной мере удовлетворить требования правосудия. Новый Гражданско-процессуальный кодекс КНР вступил в законную силу в 2013 г. В этом ГПК Китая закреплен принцип добросовестности, выступающий в качестве ориентира для судей и сторон по делу; созданы система судопроизводства общественных исков, система судопроизводства злонамеренных исков, система судопроизводства мелких исков, система помощи по защите прав и интересов третьей стороны и др.; усовершенствована система судопроизводства. Эти и другие вопросы нашли отражение в данной статье. Кроме этого, было прокомментировано новое содержание гарантии права сторон на подачу исков, основывающееся на новой процедуре принятия дела на рассмотрение, права ходатайствовать о пересмотре дела и системе предоставления доказательств.

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DOI: 10.7256/1729-5920.2014.1.10337

Аннотация: Точкой опоры правовой системы предприятий с иностранным капиталом в КНР являются «коммерческие организации», ядром системы – Законы «О паевых совместных предприятиях китайского и иностранного капитала», «О предприятиях с ино-странным капиталом», «О китайско-иностранных совместно управляемых предприятиях» и др., касающиеся предприятий с иностранным капиталом. Данная правовая система сочетает в себе корпоративное право, антимонопольное законодательство и другое отраслевое законодательство, а также связывает в единое целое всю совокупность правовых систем с целью регулирования доступа к прямым иностранным инвестициям, их обращения, управления и др. С юридической точки зрения, нормы корпоративного права признаются общими нормами, а нормы Закона «О предприятиях с иностранным капиталом» – специальными. Если придерживаться принципа правоприменения, по которому специальные нормы доминируют над общими, то можно разрешить любые правовые споры. КНР использует метод привлечения прямых иностранных инвестиций, кроме привлечения инвестиций на образование новых предприятий. КНР дала возможность иностранным предпринимателям также использовать метод поглощения (слияния) для образования новых предприятий, но такая возможность регулируется антимонопольным законодательством. Кроме этого, КНР методом разделения (унификации) законов предоставила иностранным инвесторам оптимальную льготную политику. В настоящее время проблемы правовой системы предприятий с иностранным капиталом в КНР проявляются в ее громоздкости, дублировании статей законодательства и сложности правовой системы, которая включает в себя как внутренний, так и внешний капитал. В связи с этим КНР начала процесс дельнейшего совершенствования законодательства компаний с иностранным капиталом, куда входит ослабление «высшего национального режима» и «низшего национального режима» иностранных предприятий, возможность упразднения отдельных законов, касающихся предприятий с иностранным капиталом, разработка единого Закона «Об иностранных инвестициях» и создание хорошего инвестиционного климата.

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Аннотация: The harmonious functioning of legal regulation mechanism, ensurance of legality and the law and order in many respect depend on a level of lawyers’ professional culture. The author pays attention to wide spreading of authorslawyers’ approaches in understanding the terms “legality” and “legal culture” and tries to overcome this misunderstanding. To eliminate disagreements in literature on law concerning the definition of legality as a principle, method, requirements and mode, it is suggested considering them as various entities rather than mutually controversial demonstration of common essence of legality. It is necessary to see both practical side in legality connected with transformation of normative and internal one connected with views, rules, morale of an individual, society and social groups including lawyers. Otherwise, legality acts as something formal and external in relation to a person and society. In this article an attempt is made to overcome available in literature disagreements which concern understanding lawyers’ legal and professional culture. According to the author professional and legal culture can be defined as caused by division of labor, a version of legal culture of society representing itself a measure of development and practical use of legal values by lawyers as a socially-professional group. The author emphasizes that legality and legal culture being rather independent social phenomena are in close relations. Establishing and ensuring law and order are an important factor for skilled lawyers. Professional lawyers are aimed at protecting individuals’ legitimate rights and interests, which organically results from the nature of a lawful state. Domination of the right, supremacy of the law, coherence of the state and an individual by means of mutual rights and duties are principles which refer to the professional and legal sphere and are the major indicators of a professional culture level. Moreover, high professional culture and strict execution of lawyers’ duties assigned to them are an important guarantee of individual rights, which imposes a special responsibility on law-enforcement and other legal bodies. In its turn, ensurance of the legality in society in many respects depends on quantity and a qualification level of a legal socially-professional staff. In this connection the author estimates this condition and also available difficulties and problems in law education and science of law as important indicators of legal culture of lawyers and all society as well. In conclusion on the basis of sociological research data the author shows how legality problems and its independence on legal culture are reflected in the lawyer’s professional consciousness.

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DOI: 10.7256/1729-5920.2014.1.10282

Аннотация: Право подряда на пользование землями на паях – это система приобретения прав акционеров (паедержателей) или получения прибыли, при которой субъектом права становится компания или кооператив, обладающий правами земельного подряда и вступивший в пай (ставший акционером) с помощью внесения этих прав в качестве пая. Юридическая природа такой системы относится к обращению вещного права. Существует три модели вступления в пай на права земельного подряда: кооперация земельных паев; профессиональный кооператив фермеров-пайщиков и паевое общество с ограниченной ответственностью. Общества с ограниченной ответ-ственностью являются относительно идеальной формой организации пай-щиков (акционеров). Право подряда на пользование землями на паях вступает в коллизию с системой хозяйствования в виде бытового подряда и правовой системой компаний. Определив субъекта права подряда и отменив ограничивающие законы, касающиеся права подряда на пользование землями на паях, можно улучшить существующую систему хозяйствования в виде бытового подряда. Вместе с этим создав стандартизацию системы оценки капитала, касающегося права земельного подряда и систему выхода фермеров-пайщиков из пая, можно построить правовую систему права подряда на пользование землями на паях.

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Аннотация: The litigant’s representative is the relatively late arised legal institution. As a rule the litigants appeared originally in person before the judges. The realization of litigant’s representative in some from most early States was excluded with the form of legal proceedings. In particular the trial in Ancient Egypt was writing and secret. The pleadings were forbidden. By ancient Jews acted the principle of personal appearance in court so that even the women pleaded their cases. But aftewords was evidently the litigant’s representative allowed. In all probability was allowed the kindred litigant’s representative when the pleading of one’s cases is impossible (the illness, the infancy, the senile infirmity and so on). The first information about such representative applies to China where the litigant’s representative was allowed for old and sick men who could to send instead of themselves the members their family. The representative was ordered for officials (mandarins). Also the women enjoyed the privilege of representative. Debatable is the question about the presence of representative in Ancient India. Also in the ancient European States on the first stage of their development took place the negative attitude to the litigant’s representative. Great Solon at the beginning VI c B.C. promulgated the law which provided the personal defence of their interests by the citizens of Athens. Subsequently was allowed the kindred defence in court but the like cases were rare. Since many no took the gift of words began to write for the litigants the speeches which were named the logographies. The litigants learnt by heart and delivered these speeches in court. Later was allowed for the defendant to use the second speech which was called the devterologie and delivered by other persons – syegoroses. The agreed oral defence gradually force out the “dumb” one. Namely in Ancient Greece began the formation of oratory which has played an important role in the history of the development of professional litigant’s representative. The forming of the institution of litigant’s representative was continued in Ancient Rome what promoted the passage to the aktioes per formulas which expected an juridical knowledge and an experience of the pleading of cases in court from the litigants. At that time assumed the function of litigant’s representative the cognitores then the procuratores which could to appear for the defence in accordance with desire of litigants. At last the litigant’s representative began to realize the members of the bar.

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Аннотация: History of criminology is unique because it reveals sphere of taskoriented efforts to study the negative side of human behavior, which has been attracting attention of legislators, and judges, and kings, and ordinary people, and philosophers, and lawyers, and religious leaders from primordial time. During active efforts to study delinquency, the very first scientific studies faced the main problem presenting inevitable and basic secret to scientists and practitioners of that time: the issue of real reasons of crime commitment. First of all, it was not clear what does crime commitment depend on and what is it related to: personality or environment? Is the inclination to commit a crime “acquired” or is it congenital, or inherited, etc? These questions needed analytical approach, and such efforts to get answers resulted in fundamental scientific theories which divided scientists into two schools: anthropological and sociological. First group focused their attention on criminal’s personality and the second group – on society weaknesses (society structure). In Russia systematic study of delinquency was first studied within sociological school of criminal law, which was characterized by analysis of a crime not only as juridical conception but also as a social issue. The school that took new methodological positions on delinquency study was the left wing of sociological school of the criminal law in Russia. Its representatives showed methodological limitation of factor theory and its inability to explain real reasons of delinquency, they made the right conclusion, which said that only on the basis of dialectic method it is possible to present adequate theoretical description of delinquency. Delinquency study continued during the Soviet epoch. Analysis of delinquency state, its reasons, and criminal’s personality was made by institutions of justice, police, state authorities, research officers, society and students. Scientific- method base for conduct of delinquency research were statistic institutions where so-called moral statistic was concentrated and which had facilities to study delinquency and a criminal, which were developed by various establishments and institutions in large cities. Present period of long-running transition to the market economy in the country, which is accompanied with thorny condition, political and social conflicts and consequently, growth of delinquency, on one hand, makes it more difficult to study delinquency, but on the other hand, – it objectively puts responsibility on scientists together with practitioners and experts in related sciences to continue actively its study. Many of theoretical postulates require rethinking.

DOI: 10.7256/1729-5920.2014.1.10286

Аннотация: В китайской уголовно-правовой теории существуют две точки зрения на природу предмета доказывания, устанавливаемого судом в процессе уголовного судопроизводства, сторонники которых соответственно усматривают указанную сущность в объективной либо в юридической истине. Дискуссия между приверженцами концепций объективной и формальной (юридической) истины возникла на почве разного понима-ния природы гносеологической картины обстоятельств дела в уголовном судопроизводстве. По мнению автора, сущность предмета доказывания определяется категорией юридической истины, поскольку она в большей мере соответствует действительности и позволяет найти логическое объ-яснение возможным ошибкам в познании обстоятельств дела, способствует утверждению концепции приоритета процедуры, а также соответствует специфике процессуальной деятельности. Обсуждение проблемы предмета доказывания, как правило, сопро-вождается дискуссией об объективной и юридической истине, по сути своей являющейся спором гносеологического характера. При возбуждении уголовного дела первоочередная задача правоохранительных органов – установление обстоятельств дела. Но какие именно обстоятельства должны быть установлены? По этому поводу в китайских теоретических кругах ведется оживленная полемика, причем основной спор идет между сторонниками концепций объективной и юридической истины.

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DOI: 10.7256/1729-5920.2014.1.10285

Аннотация: В последние годы отчетливо проявляет себя проблема окружающей среды в Китае. Пекинский смог, загрязнение тяжелыми металлами почвы и грунтовых вод и другие серьезные проблемы привлекают пристальное внимание общественности. Мировое сообщество также выразило свое мнение о «бурном расцвете» загрязнения окружающей среды в Китае; более того, начиная со времен принятия программы политики реформ и открытости, многие страны считают, что вопросы экологии в КНР уже давно вышла за рамки внутренних экономических проблем. Традиционные средства противодействия правонарушениям в сфере окружающей среды не в состоянии в полной мере обеспечить законные права и интересы потерпевшего. Установление системы компенсаций и штрафов стало первостепенной задачей экологического права. Проанализировав теоретические и практические основы и значение системы каратель-ных компенсаций, автор обосновал соответствующие условия штрафных санкций в экологическом праве, а также сделал вывод, что проблема определения размеров разумной суммы штрафов – это первостепенная проблема, которая должна быть решена в системе компенсаций.

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DOI: 10.7256/1729-5920.2014.1.63788

Аннотация: В последние годы отчетливо проявляет себя проблема окружающей среды в Китае. Пекинский смог, загрязнение тяжелыми металлами почвы и грунтовых вод и другие серьезные проблемы привлекают пристальное внимание общественности. Мировое сообщество также выразило свое мнение о «бурном расцвете» загрязнения окружающей среды в Китае; более того, начиная со времен принятия программы политики реформ и открытости, многие страны считают, что вопросы экологии в КНР уже давно вышли за рамки внутренних экономических проблем. Традиционные средства противодействия правонарушениям в сфере окружающей среды не в состоянии в полной мере обеспечить законные права и интересы потерпевшего. Установление системы компенсаций и штрафов стало первостепенной задачей экологического права. Проанализировав теоретические и практические основы и значение системы карательных компенсаций, автор обосновал соответствующие условия штрафных санкций в экологическом праве, а также сделал вывод, что проблема определения размеров разумной суммы штрафов – это первостепенная проблема, которая должна быть решена в системе компенсаций.

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Аннотация: In the article for the first time the process of the formation of the courts of general jurisdiction is investigated in its integrity in the course of legal reform prompted by Peter I. The system included such courts as gorodovyye/provincial and nadvornyye courts and Justitz-kollegia. The author systematically analyses normative and legal documents which have regulated competence of gorodovyye/ provincial, nadvornyye courts and Justitz-kollegia. In addition, on the basis of archive sources author demonstrates the functioning of the mentioned above juridical bodies namely as the courts of general jurisdiction. The opinion is proved that Justitz-kollegia in reality had been the juridical rather than administrative body. Special attention is paid to the conditions of the origin of the courts of general jurisdiction on the line of structural and functional division of the legal bodies from the administrative ones. In relation to this in the article for the first time the statements are described which had been prepared on the basis of the Swedish normative sources of the Instructions to voevodas and zemskiye komissars of 1719 year, which secured the division of the juridical bodies from the administrative ones. In addition, the author describes the difficulties which have arisen when this division has been put into practice.

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Аннотация: The development of the structural organization of Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the Russian Empire in 1802–1832 is characterized by some specific features. The establishment of ministries in September 8, 1802 affected the Collegium for Foreign Affairs mainly as changes in its overhead personnel. A.P. Vorontsov, Minister of Foreign Affairs, State Chancellor, headed the Collegium for Foreign Affairs, and A.A. Chartoryisky, Vice Minister, was deputed. The Collegium for Foreign Affairs attached the Ceremonial affairs (that is, the Ceremonial Department of the Court Office) as well. In 1802 all the changes in the Collegium for Foreign Affairs were limited to above-mentioned. The legislative acts of the final period of the ministerial reform (1810- 1811): The proclamation “About the division of state affairs into special departments, with a specification of affairs for each department” dated July 25, 1819; “Supreme approved division of state affairs among ministries “dated August 17, 1810; and “General establishment of ministries” dated June 25, 1811, actually didn’t affect the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. So, even after the issue of “The General establishment of ministries” dated June 25, 1811, the organization construction of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs was not completed. Only the Decree “About the new formation of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs” dated April 10, 1832, abolished the Collegium for Foreign Affairs, determined a new structure of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, encouraged the centralization of its organizational structure and the introduction of the unified clerical correspondence. Whereby, the major historic and legal distinctive features of the given development were as follows: the continuation of the Collegium for Foreign Affairs running as part of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs for a long time period (up to 1832); the gradual character of extension of “The General Establishment of Ministries” dated June 25, 1811, to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs; forming of dualism (between K.V. Nesselrode and I.A. Kapodistriya) in the governance of the foreign policy of the Russian Empire in 1815–1822, meaning that the dualism effected the structural organization of Ministry of Foreign Affairs; availability of Secret departments (subdivisions) in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs’ structure: the Tsifirnaya forwarding department (departments) (a cryptographic department in charge of maintaining a classified correspondence); and its activity hasn’t studied thoroughly in scientific literature; the transfer period from the collegiate governmental system to the ministerial one in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1802–1832. The given historic and legal specific features of structural organization of Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the Russian Empire in 1802–1832 is of considerable scientific value from the historic and legal point of views.

DOI: 10.7256/1729-5920.2014.1.10361

Аннотация: Поправки в Наследственное право Китая, подготовленные в настоящее время, вызваны необходимостью изменения народной концепции наследования, а также развития юридической науки о наследовании. Изменения вносятся на основе совершенствования соответствующих гражданско-правовых положений, преследуют цели достижения гармонии и интеграции порядка наследования, отвечают народным ожиданиям в вопросах наследования. При этом в структуризации системы порядка наследования учитываются пять основных составляющих: общий порядок, заве-щание, наследование по закону, распоряжение наследием. Кроме того, выделяются дополнительные правила. В законодательном проекте порядка наследования совершенствуется правовое регулирование завещания, наследования по закону и распоряжению наследственной массой, тем самым обеспечиваются права и согласование интересов разных лиц в вопросах наслед-ования. В статье раскрыты причины, по сути, коренного пересмотра норм Наследственного права, определены цели достижения гармо-нии правового механизма наследования, раскрывается содер-жание правового регулирования завещания, наследования по закону, рассматриваются другие актуальные вопросы наследственного права Китая.

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Аннотация: It is hard to understand English criminal law both now and always without examination into history of crime of homicide as the part of history of criminal law. And so in his article the author examines crime of homicide in the course of making law from Law of Aethelbert to fourteenth-century statutes. In the article’s beginning author analyzes the provisions of Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Norman laws generally including laws of Alfred and Leges Henrici Primi. Relying on history of criminal law author underlines that there was a birth of basic and essential elements of crime of homicide in the early medieval England. In particular, it was “diffinicio homicidii” which included circumstances of the case and the person involved, as well as division between murder and manslaughter. The article contains the studies of Bracton’s fundamental ideas on homicide he established in his tractate as a new doctrine. Bracton’s doctrine is the main subject to consideration, and its analysis takes the significant part of the article, inasmuch as it is the main medieval source of crime of homicide. The article underlines that this doctrine contains following basic elements: the regard homicide as a crime, type of homicide, relation between sentencing decision and degree of guilt, aggravation and extenuation, and release from punishment and liability. The author underlines that the Bracton contributed greatly to the English law with his doctrine of homicide and a number of other doctrinals which later became integral to the English common law. Later tractates Fleta, Britton, and Mirror of Justice failed to update Bracton’s one. Their epigonous spirit was shown up in comparative analysis by which there was found out what is unique and what is the same in these tractates and Bracton’s one. The reigning feature of thirteenth- and fourteenth-century tractates is their authors had quoted clauses of the statutes. The author clears up the state of the determination of guilt in thirteenthand fourteenth-century England. In this case it is very important to specify the wide range of synonymous terms in determination of guilt and its degree. It is clearly shown by statutes and particular criminal cases in which there was made the attempts to re-state common law, keep it current, and elaborate it on. Furthermore, author reviews the abuse of pardon. Inasmuch as the purchase charters of pardon was largely correlate with possibilities to take fees to the Crown in accordance with chattels of accused of homicide, therefore the abuse of charters of pardon for accused of homicide had come to the end of its tether in fourteenth century, and this required permanent policymaking, because of continuous stream of petitions to the kings and parliament declaration by statutes of that problem seemed to be unsolvable.

DOI: 10.7256/1729-5920.2014.1.10288

Аннотация: В настоящее время российское общество и новый этап экономического развития требуют совершенствования и оптимизации гражданского законодательства РФ, в том числе и права на землю, которое заново сконструировано для того, чтобы стать одним из основных составляющих современного ГК РФ. Совершенная идея земельного законодательства России заключается в том, чтобы гражданское законодательство приобрело исключительный статус регулятора права на землю и придало признаки вещного права праву на землю, в максимально возможной степени дало гражданам и юридическим лицам правовую возможность использовать землю. Тенденции развития земельного законодательства России могут служить примером для развития земельного законодательства КНР и проявляются в следующем: восстановление права частной собственности на землю, изменение мультирегулируемого законодательства, включение его в состав вещного права для единого регулирования; придание государственной и коллективной землям одинакового юридического статуса, строгие ограничения на изъятие земель; создание и совершенствование разнообразной, удобной и стабильной системы земельного узуфрукта.

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DOI: 10.7256/1729-5920.2014.1.10400

Аннотация: В условиях современного общества страхование гражданской ответственности выполняет не только функцию разделения и передачи имущественных потерь страхователя в связи с возмещением вреда, нанесенного третьему лицу, но и функцию обеспечения интересов потерпевшего. В ст. 65 Закона КНР «О страховании» предусмотрены основные положения страхования ответственности. Страховщик непосредственно уплачивает страховое вознаграждение пострадавшему. В соответствии с законодательством путем примирения, регулирования, обвинения и арбитража определяется обязанность страхователя по отношению к третьему лицу. Согласно просьбе страхователя четко определяется его страховая обязанность по отношению к пострадавшему третьему лицу. При пренебрежении страхователя просьбой третье лицо имеет право непосредственно обратиться к страховщику за страховым вознаграждением. Если страхователь наносит вред третьему лицу, а страхователь не уплачивает ему вознаграждение, тогда страховщик не должен выплачивать компенсацию пострадавшему третьему лицу. Страхование гражданской ответственности является страхованием, определяющим обязанность страхователя по отношению к постра-давшему третьему лицу. Таковы основные положения о страховом риске ответственности, раскрываемые в данной статье. Потерпевшая сторона приобретает право на получение страхо-вого возмещения и право на предъявление иска. Все это направлено на защиту интересов третьего лица (потерпевшей стороны). Однако анализ судебной практики свидетельствует, что неправильное толкование содержания ст. 65 Закона КНР «О страховании» приводит к противоречиям, разногласиям и ошибкам в правоприменении, а также в какой-то мере ослабляет функцию защиты потерпевшего (третьего лица).

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DOI: 10.7256/1729-5920.2014.1.63791

Аннотация: В условиях современного общества страхование гражданской ответственности выполняет не только функцию разделения и передачи имущественных потерь страхователя в связи с возмещением вреда, нанесенного третьему лицу, но и функцию обеспечения интересов потерпевшего. В ст. 65 Закона КНР «О страховании» предусмотрены основные положения страхования ответ-ственности. Страховщик непосредственно уплачивает страховое вознаграждение пострадавшему. В соответствии с законодательством путем примирения, регулирования, обвинения и арбитража определяется обязанность страхователя по отношению к третьему лицу. Согласно просьбе страхователя четко определяется его страховая обязанность по отношению к пострадавшему третьему лицу. При пренебрежении страхователя просьбой третье лицо имеет право непосредственно обратиться к страховщику за страховым вознаграждением. Если страхователь наносит вред третьему лицу, а страхователь не уплачивает ему вознаграждение, тогда страховщик не должен выплачивать компенсацию пострадавшему третьему лицу. Страхование гражданской ответственности является страхованием, определяющим обязанность страхователя по отношению к пострадавшему третьему лицу. Таковы основные положения о страховом риске ответственности, раскрываемые в данной статье. Потерпевшая сторона приобретает право на получение страхового возмещения и право на предъявление иска. Все это направлено на защиту интересов третьего лица (потерпевшей стороны). Однако анализ судебной практики свидетельствует, что неправильное толкование содержания ст. 65 Закона КНР «О страховании» приводит к противоречиям, разногласиям и ошибкам в правоприменении, а также в какой-то мере ослабляет функцию защиты потерпевшего (третьего лица).

Аннотация: This article is devoted to actual problems of creation of national planning system in the Russian Federation. Special attention is paid to issues concerning legal groundwork for this process. A lot of attention in this paper is given to a theoretical problem of correlation between plans and rights as forms and methods of state activity. Results of the scientific discussion that concern this topic and can be traced in Russian legal literature of the Soviet period (since 1920s) were comprehensively considered. In the paper points of view on the given question by such authors as S.S. Alekseev, N.G. Aleksandrov, O.E. Kutafin, A.F. Nozdrachev, S.M. Bertsinsky, V.V. Laptev, A.V. Mitskevich, E.B. Pashukanis and others were introduced and considered. The author based his own position on the detailed analysis of the current Russian legislation regulating issues concerning results-oriented planning, as well as separate federal target programs presented as examples. The conclusion was made in the paper saying that planned documents (programs, projects) confirmed by public authority bodies are a version of legal acts. A planned norm not only fixes the purpose of authorities’ activity but also connects achievement of the given purpose with the certain period of time, as well as a complex of necessary measurements and resources. One of the main lacks of the current federal legislation regulating processes of planning is its fragmentariness and discrepancy. Recognition of the fact that there is a legal norm in a planned norm causes certain requirements to a definition of contents of a norm, use of legal terms and structures allowing to define precisely rights and a duties of subjects, as well as liability for nonperformance of a norm. A purpose that is being formulated should be concrete, measurable, achievable and it should meet other targetsetting requirements (so-called SMART-requirements). Taking into account that the given requirements are rarely observed, it is necessary to develop and define special rules of text legal drafting methodology of texts developing for planned documentation of different kinds.

Аннотация: The right to elect and to be elected is the most significant one in the group of political rights, as it enables an individual to influence national policy. This article gives an analysis of the major international legal acts regulating electoral rights of foreign citizens in the host country. The Russian legislation is characterized in comparison with international regulations. The author comes to a conclusion on existence of conflicts in the Russian legislation with regard to securing the foreign citizens’ right to elect and to be elected. The ways of resolving the conflicts are proposed. The article also deals with the issue of bilateral treaties granting electoral rights to foreign citizens at a local level as well as with the issue of necessity of signing such treaties. The author draws the following conclusions with regard to granting electoral rights to foreign citizens on the territory of the Russian Federation. First, taking into account the trend towards economic and political integration, priority should be given to the CIS countries when signing bilateral treaties. Second, granting of electoral rights to foreign citizens permanently residing on the territory of the Russian Federation should be limited by the “voting right,” i.e. the active electoral right. Third, it is necessary to secure in the Russian legislation the mechanism of electoral rights exercising by foreign citizens. Fourth, it is required to unify regulations on electoral rights of foreign citizens in terms of establishing a standard requirement of permanent residence implying availability of a residence permit. Besides, it appears expedient to secure in the legislation of the Russian Federation, as a prerequisite for electoral right exercising by foreign citizens, a requirement of a three-year period of permanent residence on the territory of the corresponding municipal entity starting from the date of obtaining a residence permit. On the whole, as no international treaties granting electoral rights to foreign citizens are currently available in the Russian Federation, the reform of legislation in that sphere might proceed smoothly.

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Аннотация: The article analyses key aspects of the contemporary public property law concept. The author provides justification to the conclusion that the current legislation does not contain any basis for defining “form of property” (“form of state property”) as a separate category in civil law. However it’s necessary to admit that similar to the law on property rights of citizens and legal entities, it’s worth referring to public property right as a type of property law. According to the author, it’s a mistake to make attempts to construct a special institute (sub-institute) of public property law as a part of constitutional law along with the property rights law in civil law. The approach would mean admitting inequality in possible implementation of private property rights law (based on civil law) and public property law (based on public law), which is a direct contradiction to article 8 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Characterizing property as a dimension for economic and legal relations, it’s necessary to highlight dual notions such as “property relations model” in economic terms and “property rights model” in legal terms. The dissertation proposes a system of actualized approaches to the existing structural models of property relations and corresponding models of property rights. The author proposes to separate complex in structure subordination model of property relations and corresponding complex institute of public property law. Based on analysis of legislation on delineation of public property, the author draws the conclusion on the ongoing strengthening vertical integrated structure of property management. Administrative reform and delineation of mandates between different levels of public authorities will continue and will be accompanied by redistribution of property within public sector. Taking into account public law foundations of the process, it is to be implemented under special procedures, not necessarily involving institute of civil law.

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Аннотация: The article is devoted to the methodological points of codification of the Russian legislation on social security. In accordance to the general theory of law, only normatevely-legal acts, i.e. the ones containing legal regulations are subject to the selection of legislation codification. However, in reality only a small number of acts consist of legal regulations. Moreoften normanevely-legal acts contain non-normative propositions as well, such as individual norms, appeals, addressings and preambles. Acts consisting both of legal regulations and non-normative propositions are considered to be subject to codification in particular. To be exact, only legal regulations will be selected for codification wheares non-normative propositions will be rejected. At the same time not all of the traditionally ranked with non-normative propositions are surely the ones, e.g. in the Russian juridical science the problem of the lawforce of the Preamble to the normative act is quite a moot point. There is no juridical securing of the preamble lawforce. Neither are there the requirements to what acts it should be and to its content. Law courts consider the Preamble role differently. There are cases when law courts in their desicions allege to the propositions of the Preamble but these cases are rare. The majority of scientists and practical workers regard that the preamble doesn’t have the normative character, can’t and mustn’t contain legal regulations, but only declarative propositions, addressings, etc. But there is another opinion. Some researchers are sure in the law Preamble being its part and because of that it can’t take part in legal regulation of those terms that are the law object. It is suggested that in the Preamble norms-principals or norms-definitions should be fixed. In the legislation on social security currently in force such examples take place. While selecting acts for the codification of the legislation on social security it’s necessary to mind the following. One mustn’t automatically exclude the Preamble from the text of the laws codified only for the reason of their not being officially acknowledged normative. It’s necessary to evaluate their content beforehand. The most fundamental Preambles must be transformed into the norms of the future code of social security. Besides, the future Code of social security itself must be provided with the detailed Preamble with politically-legal and social obligations of the Russian Federation in the sphere of social security fixed in it. The further development of the branch legislation must take place on the basis of those common principles that are formulated in the Code Preamble. Such principles, on the one hand, provide the internal unity of the Code itself. On the other hand, they systematize all branch acts uniting them by common meaning.

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Аннотация: Observance, utilization and discharge as forms of the immediate realization of the criminal law norms take place because there is not a need of a state intervention in the factual behavior in the real life’s situations with purpose of securing or organizing of the realization of the personal rights and duties: the persons should only act observing some norms stated by criminal law. But often it is impossible to realize legal norms in full without intervening in this process of the state bodies, i.e. without use of legal norms. Such use may be in forms of deciding a question about criminal nature of the act and passing the necessary decision. Use of criminal law norms distinguished from its observance, utilization and discharge has some features which represent its content, nature, interior structure, purpose, circle of persons and form. Criminal law norms are used for deciding the question about the criminal liability in any aspect of this notion (have we a basis for the criminal liability or not, for discharge from the criminal liability or the punishment, for sentencing or the application of other criminal law measures, etc.) and in some other cases (i.e. art. 14-2, 21, 30-2, 97, 100–102 of the Criminal Code). Use of criminal law norms is rendering of the concrete decision by the competent bodies in the prescribed procedure form about the criminal liability in course of the protectoral criminal law relationships or about any other question in course of the regulatory criminal law relationships (i.e. art. 14-2, 21, 30-2, 97, 100–102 of the Criminal Code). Use of law is a facultative stage of the criminal law regulation and takes place when persons breach the regulatory legal norms in course of the realization of the law. Use of law takes place after appearing of the negative facts, i.e. committing usually a social dangerous act. There are often used the protectoral norms but in some cases there may be used some regulatory criminal law norms. If the regulatory norm is used then the process of norm’s use does not include the stage of the qualification of crime. Discretion is not a necessary sign of use of criminal law norms but is a characteristic sign of it.

DOI: 10.7256/1729-5920.2014.1.10364

Аннотация: статья посвящена профессору Б.С.Крылову, его жизненному и научному пути. В ней освещается основные вехи его долгой и яркой жизни – ученого, педагога, гражданина, патриота, участника Великой Отечественной войны. Показан вклад Б.С. Крылова в разработку многих проблем конституционного права: парламентаризма, федерализма, суверенитета, конституционализма, прав человека и др. В статье отмечается, что Борис Сергеевич Крылов был не только глубоким и самобытным ученым, но и прекрасным преподавателем, педагогом, отдающим много сил повышению уровня гуманитарного развития студентов, их патриотическому воспитанию. Он располагал к себе своей интеллигентностью, своими глубокими научными и жизненными познаниями. Его любили студенты, к нему внимательно прислушивались аспиранты, его ценили и уважали коллеги-преподаватели, отдавая должное его знаниям, эрудиции, замечательным качествам его души и характера. Особо значим вклад Б.С.Крылова в развитие науки конституционного права зарубежных стран. Ко многим его работам применимо слово «впервые». Его докторская диссертация — это, по сути, первая в советской литературе фундаментальная работа, посвященная парламенту и парламентаризму зарубежных стран, написанная на основе многочисленных зарубежных источников, многие из которых Борис Сергеевич впервые вводит в научный оборот. Во-вторых, Борис Сергеевич часто публикует в советский период статьи, в которых дается характеристика состояния науки конституционного права зарубежных стран, анализируются новейшие научные труды зарубежных авторов. По мнению Бориса Сергеевича, будущее страны требует усиления центральной власти и одновременно расширения демократических начал в организации всех звеньев власти. Именно это сочетание, считал он, способно обеспечить дальнейшее расширение прав и свобод человека и гражданина. При этом Б. С. Крылов в своих работах призывает законодателя учитывать, что российский федерализм нельзя считать последовательным, что он вырос из унитарного государства, каким фактически был Советский Союз. Он отмечал, что в каждой федерации полномочия центра и мест устанавливаются с учетом исторических традиций и местных условий, политического развития населения. По его мнению, важно, чтобы федеративные отношения не подвергались постоянным изменениям и основывались на стабильных конституционных нормах и принципах. Обращаясь к проблеме равноправия и равенства в конституционном праве, отмечает, что эта проблема имеет особое значение в условиях федеративного государства. Он исходил из того, что все субъекты входят в состав Российской Федерации на равных основаниях. Неравноправие субъектов, а значит, и их органов, по его мнению, означало бы, что находящиеся на территории различных субъектов РФ граждане также неравноправны.

Аннотация: The article describes rights and duties of the noncommercial organizations during their interactions with the inforcement authorities and their officials. The noncommercial organizations consist of legal persons, intended for realization of socially significant activity in spheres of economy, social policy, culture. Extraction of profit is not the basic purpose of their activity. Depending on the maintenance of property competences the noncommercial organizations can be divided conditionally into three basic kinds – the special, public and ordinary noncommercial organizations. The organizations created in the organizational-legal form (kind) of fund concern to the special noncommercial organizations. Enterprise competences of such organizations are essentially limited, they are intended, first of all, for realization of authorized socially-priority activity in spheres of culture, art, protection of the social rights, political activity. Independent establishment is the noncommercial organization created by the Russian Federation, the subject of Federation or municipal formation for performance of works, rendering of services with a view of maintenance of the state and municipal powers in spheres of social policy and culture. Depending on the maintenance of public needs in the form of independent establishments the objects operating in spheres of public health services can be created. Also in the form of independent establishments can be created the objects operating in spheres theatrical, musical, of motion picture arts. The independent establishments created in sphere of town-planning activity, render public services on areas of architecturally-building designing, territorial planning and others, applicability of such establishments can also be industrial activity, including construction, major overhaul, a design of objects of capital construction. The noncommercial organizations in the form of independent establishments are created also in the field of scientific activity – in spheres natural and applied sciences. The legal regulation of activity of independent establishments is provided with the certificates of the various validity including unified and special instructions. The founder of independent establishment can be the Russian Federation, the subject of Federation or the municipal formation, presented by corresponding enforcement authority or municipal body. Economic procedures provide formation by independent establishment and other noncommercial organization of the target capital created due to donations, the money resources brought in kinds acting basicly not from public sources. Independent establishments can be addressees of budgetary funds, in this case, additional duties are assigned to them on their target use. The major attribute of the public status of independent establishment are the attitudes caused by carrying out of the state control (supervision). The noncommercial organizations are object of the general control during which execution of fiscal, information and other public duties is checked. Application of sanctions to public noncommercial establishments is always caused by its organizational-legal form, although federal laws establish various preconditions and procedures of application of such sanctions.

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Аннотация: The paper has studied a problem of efficiency of legal regulation of management in a system of bankruptcy. In the paper given problem has been considered from the point of view of complex approach to research of efficiency of legal regulation of social management, assumes detection of a set of criterions permitting to define parameters of efficiency (degree of efficiency of control action in a certain orbit of the public relations (in particular, in a system of bankruptcy). It is concern: efficiency of organization and operation of object of management, reaching of the purposes and problems of the controlled subsystem, orientation to obtaining of common social efficiency (satisfaction of needs and realization of interests of a society, social groups and the individuals stipulated by conventional principles and norms of international law and national constitutional principles), calculation general requirements to management (achievement of the best result, stability, efficiency, flexibility, continuity), ordering of an organizational structure of management(control), optimum distribution of functions among the subjects of management(control) and allotment with their appropriate legal means. The construction of model of management with allowance for of indicated factors sets vector to legal regulation, which, in turn, due to internal properties of the right should provide an optimum combination of methods and ways of legal regulation, stimulating, limiting and other legal means, to accelerate an operation of the norms of the right, to conform the requirements of legal technique. The efficiency of the working model of management in a system of bankruptcy is evaluated by the author, first of all, through the social and economic results reached by object of management, expressed in quantitative and qualitative indicators. The statistics of quantity of the extinguished requirements of creditors in actions of proceeding about bankruptcy (result of achievement of the basic purpose of bankruptcy), allows to speak about low efficiency of legal regulation of management in a system of bankruptcy. The author offers a complex of measures on perfection of a legal mechanism of management in system of bankruptcy on the basis of the analysis of action of the general principles of management, analysis of information communications and streams inside of a control system of bankruptcy, an optimality of organizational and functional structure of management.

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Аннотация: At the beginning of the 20th century the representatives of the legal doctrine expressed opposite opinions about the legal nature of photography. Nowadays the artistic character of the photography is juristically fixed. Up to third quarter of the 19th century legislation of the states did not contain rules of photographer rights. By the end of 19th – beginning 20th century appeared first principles of the national legal regulation photographic works as objects of intellectual property, and also appeared the necessity and ability of creating international protection. Firstly photography appeared in the sphere of protected objects only in the third text (Berlin 1908) of Bern convention of protecting literature and art works. It stimulated the further development of national legal regulation for states-members of Convention (unification process) and for states, not taking part in it (harmonization process). Particularly, in Russia the Copyright law was adopted in 1911, which established exclusive rights of the photographer and spread the protection on the works, the rights on which were owned by the foreigners. Post-revolutionary CIK Decision on fundamentals of copyright law of 1925, reproduced the same volume of photography protection, but the period of protection was reduced and contractual treatment was fixed for the works appeared or existed abroad. The Fundamentals of Copyright law in the USSR and union republics of 1928 added the obligation of the third parties to pay royalty to the author, for using photographic works and also increased the periods of protection insignificantly. So, the protection of foreigner’s right, in whole, remained on the level of 1925 with slight changes. Such system of protection remained in Fundamentals of civil legislation of the USSR and union republics of 1961, but the list of formalities was reduced, the protection period increased up to 10 years; appeared the author’s right for alternation. In 1973 in connection with joining the USSR to the Worldwide convention of copyright law of 1952, RSFSR Civil Code of 1964 (in redaction of 1974) spread the legislative treatment on photographic works, common for all objects of copyright law. Criteria for foreigner’s rights were remained the same. The further statements (Fundamentals of Civil legislation of 1991 and Russian Copyright law of 1993) did not specify formalities, did not limit the protection of photographic works in comparison with other objects, increased the protection period of the photography up to 50 years after author’s death and later up to 70 years. The common way of governing foreigners rights remained. In 1994 Russia adopted the edition of 1971 the Worldwide copyright convention, and in 1995 to Bern Convention of protecting literature and art works of 1886. From 2008, Part 4 of the Russian Civil law is in force, the part is devoted to intellectual property, in which the photographic works have the same protection as the other objects. During the historical development of domestic legislation, the protection of photographic works merged with the protection treatment with other object of copyright and completely corresponds to the international standards of protecting the foreigner’s rights. But there are several questions without answers, which able to create collisions while using the foreign law, the conflicts in interpretation, “limping relations” and other problems connected with protection of foreign rightholders.

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DOI: 10.7256/1729-5920.2014.2.10192

Аннотация: Статья посвящена проблеме эволюции доктрины естественного права. Авторы полагают, что она детерминирована как развитием общественных отношений, так и развитием философско-правовой мысли. Сегодня развитие техники делает возможным автоэволюцию человека, и ближайшие ее рубежи рефлексируются философией трансгуманизма. Переосмысливая человеческую природу, доказывая, что ее основой является стремление человека совершенствовать, пересоздавать себя, перекраивать биологию, трансгуманисты выдвигают свою версию философии естественного права. Базовым для нее является постулат морфологической свободы, раскрывающемся в праве изменять свое тело в соответствии со своими желаниями. Трансгуманисты все чаще инициируют дебаты по этическим и правовым аспектам применения биотехнологий и развивают философию естественного права в направлении адаптации к новым технологическим условиям. Однако от доктринального закрепления их попытки пока далеки. Авторы анализируют правовые идеи трансгуманизма, способных интегрировать трансгуманистический идеал в доктрину естественного права, исходя из реалий современности. На примере права на репродукцию авторы показывают, что современный трансгуманизм способен концептуально обогатить доктрину естественного права, расширив ее содержание. Коммуникация теории прав человека и философии трансгуманизма могла бы содействовать доктринальному закреплению принципа автономии личности, имеющей естественное право на поиск счастья, раскрывающийся в новых естественных правах.

Аннотация: The piracy today experiences the true renaissance. Detention of pirates come to the end without results even at an irrefutability of proofs. But a carrier at all should not be prevented from choosing what package of risk is the most preferable to use. Damage of a cargo is considered as independent costs of insurance on qualification КАСКО. Then it is possible to not care of the franchise more. One must choose between military and specific risks, with reference to a piracy. Scales of losses cease to depend on the fixed rate of losses which certifies transfer of compensation against payment of full insurance cost. Final authority for insurance completely passes to the insurer, and claims to a carrier become groundless. The difference between kinds of cost of irrevocable property, nevertheless arises. In this connection the cargo owner has a chance to change the situation to own advantage. Not indisputable presumption of partial execution of the contract sets up when essential conditions of property insurance prevail. As a result the current risks are in conflict with the global ones. Military risks are called to provide some functions of a certain counterbalance, no more that. While the individualization of a time – charter – party goods declares the payment of a primary contribution in the agreement. This is considered to be a sufficient basis for calculating the insurance premium. It is not known, whether specifications will prevail over this aspect especially or commercial details, such as special conditions of payment will be taken into account. The main thing, cash means successfully guarantee of reception of percents on the depositary invoice. Increasing risks can run low much more likely, than someone takes advantage of reserves from the losses declared for payment. It remains enigma whether exhaustion of limits of an insurance covering takes place. Here the loss ratio will be repeatedly surpassed, and definition of net-rate current tariff cannot claim for unconditional accuracy. Insurance only supports the stability in transboundary trade. Its task is rather modest: to define the safety corridors and specify precisely what the insurance premium covers. Purchase of reinsurance, inconceivable without the initial can take place also. Certainly, standard conditions of an insurance covering are a priori applied uneasy. It is possible to rate a piracy as a sea violence that provides for military risk categorically. However, prevention of losses mediates the actions on formation of essentially fresh form of the insurance premium. This form fully demonstrates also the individual interests prevail above immemorial aspiration to gain a personal benefit.

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DOI: 10.7256/1729-5920.2014.2.63837

Аннотация: Статья посвящена проблеме эволюции доктрины естественного права. Авторы полагают, что она детерминирована развитием как общественных отношений, так и философско-правовой мысли. Сегодня развитие техники делает возможным автоэволюцию человека, и ближайшие ее рубежи рефлексируются философией трансгуманизма. Переосмысливая человеческую природу, доказывая, что ее основой является стремление человека совершенствовать, пересоздавать себя, перекраивать биологию, трансгуманисты выдвигают свою версию философии естественного права. Базовым для нее является постулат морфологической свободы, раскрывающимся в праве изменять свое тело в соответствии со своими желаниями. Трансгуманисты все чаще инициируют дебаты по этическим и правовым аспектам применения биотехнологий и развивают философию естественного права в направлении адаптации к новым технологическим условиям. Однако от доктринального закрепления их попытки пока далеки. Авторы анализируют правовые идеи трансгуманизма, способные интегрировать трансгуманистический идеал в доктрину естественного права исходя из реалий современности. На примере права на репродукцию показывают, что современный трансгуманизм способен концептуально обогатить доктрину естественного права, расширив ее содержание. Коммуникация теории прав человека и философии трансгуманизма могла бы содействовать доктринальному закреплению принципа автономии личности, имеющей естественное право на поиск счастья, раскрывающийся в новых естественных правах.

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Аннотация: This article states legal regulation of transfer of rights to the industrial property objects in international private law. This question is analyzed focusing on the impact of the international treaty, regional documents and also new Russian civil legislation (In particular, part IV of the Civil code, came into effect since 1 January 2008). Notes how to identify the law applicable to the international transfer of know-how and what is determined by the applicable law. The questions of conflicts of law are therefore analyzed. In this article is also analyzed the term “transfer,” like a different method. As for industrial property objects, and if be more precise, – the transfer’s objects the author concludes, that these are rights in relation to competitiveness in the industry and are classified into patents, utility models, designs, trademarks and now-deceased objects such as know-how, computer software. Empirical evidence on the role of IP protection and well-formed transfer in promoting innovation and growth in general remains limited and inconclusive. Conflicting views also persist on the impacts of IPRs in the development prospects. Some point out that, in a modern economy, the minimum standards laid down in TRIPS, Paris convention for the protection of industrial property and in other international documents will bring benefits to developing countries by creating the incentive structure necessary for knowledge generation and diffusion, technology transfer and private investment flows. But there are only declarative formulation. Intellectual property rights (IPRs) have never been more economically and politically important or controversial than they are today. Patents, copyrights, trademarks, industrial designs, integrated circuits and geographical indications are frequently mentioned in discussions and debates on such diverse topics as public health, food security, education, trade, industrial policy, traditional knowledge, biodiversity, biotechnology, the Internet, the entertainment and media industries. In a knowledge-based economy, there is no doubt that an understanding of IPRs is indispensable to informed policy making in all areas of human development. It is to address some of these questions that the joint UNCTAD-ICTSD Project on Intellectual Property and Sustainable Development was launched in July 2001. One central objective has been to facilitate the emergence of a critical mass of well-informed stakeholders in developing countries – including decision makers, negotiators but also the private sector and civil society – who will be able to define their own sustainable human development objectives in the field of IPRs and effectively advance them at the national and international levels.

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Аннотация: The world community worries about the problem of corruption which is defined as bribability of officials, use of imperious powers with a view of reception of personal benefit. Today corruption becomes threat for economy not only of separately taken countries, but also of all international system. In interests of fight against corruption of the state, such legal acts, as the Convention of the United Nations against corruption (2003), the Convention of the Council of Europe about criminally-legal responsibility for corruption (1999), the International code of behavior of officials (1996) and other documents have been accepted within the limits of the United Nations and the Council of Europe. The Russian Federation also has taken up obligations to carry out cooperation in counteraction to criminality and bring the national legislation in accordance to the international norms. However, there are no any positive shifts in overcoming of destructive influence of corruption on the Russian society. At the same time, out of ten countries of the world, the Kingdom of the Netherlands is a state which is the most free from corruption. During its history the Netherlands went through many political shocks, revolutions, social conflicts. The Dutch society struggled against corruption throughout many centuries. Dishonest policemen, public prosecutors, judges who used the office position with a view of personal enrichment, were especially harmful for the Dutch society. In the end the XX – beginning of the XXI-st centuries there was a new rise in confrontation with this negative social phenomenon, and it is connected with carrying out of anticorruption strategy under the general name “the policy of national honesty” in the Netherlands. This strategy includes numerous social and legal norms and institutes directed to counteraction to corruption. Queen Beatriks gives her people an example in carrying out of “policy of national honesty.” She is one of the richest women of Europe, but she shows modesty, always and in everything, and never boasts her wealth. Norms of counteraction to corruption are also introduced in the Constitution of Kingdom of the Netherlands, in the Criminal code of Holland, and other legal acts. The mechanism of realization of “policy of national honesty” includes monitoring of possible points of occurrence of situations of a corruption orientation in state and public organizations, training of civil servants to rules of conduct, careful selection and placement of personnel to responsible posts. The Dutch respect those civil servants who are engaged in social service of the population. In the country a system of encouragements and stimulus is created for those workers who fairly and effectively carry out their duties. A civil servant convicted of corruption, is considered as the public enemy and is forbidden to hold a position in organs of state authority till the end of life. The police of the Netherlands gets authorities from the population and according to the law from 1993. Selection of candidates for service in police is carried out on a competitive basis by means of interview, testing, check of previous life. Those candidates for work in police, who have predisposition to bribery, do not get the position. Norms of behavior of a police employee are listed in the Professional code of police of the Netherlands, accepted by Council of the main commissioners on January, 24th, 2007. This document contains such characteristics of seven professional values of police employees, as “respect,” “transparency,” “responsibility,” “inclusion,” “confidence,” “justice” and “balance,” promoting development and fastening in consciousness of a policeman respect for the chosen profession. Policemen show initiative at exposure of a corrupted colleague, offering him to leave the service at his own will. If he doesn’t leave it voluntary, they address the same request to the administration. Such their actions are called “to sew up a colleague.” Besides corruption, the prestige of the Dutch police is harmed by swindlers who deceive trustful foreign citizens, take hold of their money and thus give out themselves for police officers. The police warns tourists about possible deceits on all TV channels. Positive experience of police of the Netherlands in fight against corruption, taking into account national features, can also be successfully used in activity of law-enforcement bodies of the Russian Federation.

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Аннотация: Innovation process is an idea brought and often used by economists, though it may also be of interest to individuals involved in legal practice, as only under closer look it is possible to find what kind of legal support does the innovation activity needs, and what kind of legal field does it use. Innovation process is identified with idea of innovation cycle and innovation phase. They differ mostly in number of stages distinguished by scientists working in this field. In general, innovation process may be presented as follows: fundamental studies – applied studies – scientific and research work – development work – industrial production – marketing – sale. This formula reflects the essence of innovation activity and direction of its implementation: from abstract solution to the real product, and then to the profit. The basis of innovation process is the process of development and absorption of new techniques (technologies). This process starts with fundamental studies directed at obtaining new scientific knowledge and discovering most significant consistent patterns. The second stage of development and absorption of new techniques (technologies) is applied studies, which are performed by scientific technology agencies and colleges. The final stage of the science is industrial production of new products that includes scientific and industrial process of assimilation: conducting tests of new (improved) product and technical and technological preparation of production. The stage of practical application of scientific achievement is followed by presentation of the innovation product to mass production. As a matter of fact, only after production stage that demonstrates real economic effect, the invention, useful model, production sample or any other achievement of a man is transformed to innovation (novelty). After production stage, when trial batch of product was manufactured, the innovation becomes ready for the massive marketing in the form of goods, works, services or technologies implemented in full project power. At the same time, the specifics of innovation activity allows to admit that innovation process is not completed with the first appearance of the new product on the market. It also continues after implementation, because innovation requires improvements and therefore, it may obtain new consumption qualities. This situation opens new usage areas for such object, new markets and new customers.

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Аннотация: One can hardly imagine English Law and its history without Henry de Bracton’s tractate “On the Laws and Customs of England” and Bracton’s Note Book. These writings have been determined the developing of English Law and was its greater part in centuries to come. As yet they are relevant inasmuch as being the foundations of common law and authorities. In the article there is emphasized the relevance of Bracton’s writings and its especial part in genesis of modern English Law. Examination of his ideas or legal constructions demonstrates their contemporaneity. Being the authoritative source of English Law Bracton’s writings mainly appeared in subsequent Coke’s Reports and Grand Abridgment. It’s assumed the appeal to Bracton was necessary to meet a threat of absolutism. Author examines the treatise to show the relevance and importance of Bracton’s treatise. He laboured five key moments both of treatise itself and English Law: Romanism, case law, malice, third type of writ “magistralia,” and Bracton’s impact on the further development of English Law. Examining of everyone of above-mentioned moments he analyzes Bracton’s treatises as well as all the English Law. This also helps author to show relevance and manysidedness both of Bracton himself and his tractate. Medieval schools of legal thought haven’t been issued any other so detailed and thoughtful tractate in previous times. The level of treatment of all these five key moments is high, and the treatment is detailed. Bracton is the personification of the early English Law period, as well as of late one. He played important role in a developing of common law. It is safe to say the house of modern English Law is built on the rock of Bracton’s treatises. The effect of his work we can see today as well as in earlier times. English legal historians consider Bracton and his treatises have impacted on the history of XIV century England, as well as on the history of English Law. Virtually, all English legal literature written since XIII century tells us of English lawyers lived with Bracton dwelt within their hearts all these centuries long.

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Аннотация: In the present work the analysis and generalization of theoretical development Russian and of some foreign authors, judiciary practice on problems of corporate management is spent. Research of rules of law, and also the specified sources convincingly shows necessity of legislative fastening of principles of corporate management for Russia. This article consists of the several parts allowing consistently to designate all essential moments of a theme of research, namely, to specify definition of principles in civil law science; an opportunity of application of principles of civil law to considered attitudes; to prove necessity of special principles of corporate management and to reveal their concept, quantity and legislative fastening. In the beginning the general problems of concept of principles in the Russian legal system, principles of civil law and their role in corporate attitudes are considered. The conclusion about impossibility of recognition sufficient for regulation of corporate management of presence only principles of civil law is done. The last have the general character and should be supplemented with special principles which will allow to design in the further adequate normative regulation. Further, approaches available on today to definition of principles of corporate management and their quantity are generalized. Works of such authors as are investigated: A. Varlamova, A. Glushetsky, V.V. Dolynskaya, T. Kashanina, S.D. Mogylevsky, D.A. Pumpjansky, D.A. Stepanov, A. Juljanets and others. Advantages and lacks of allocation of those or other positions as principles of corporate management are specified. Further, in work author’s vision of concept and quantity of principles of corporate management, by research of the legal nature of management in corporations, intrinsic characteristics of the given phenomenon as institute of civil law is formulated. The author lifts and solves the problems put in work on an example of such corporations as joint-stock companies. Using various sources, the author comes not only to a conclusion about concept and structure of principles of corporate management which has fundamental, theoretical character, but also to a conclusion about necessity of fastening of those for norms of the federal law on joint-stock companies, having the big practical value. The given norm, in opinion of the author, will be the legal base, a basis of a regulation of management in such corporations as joint-stock companies, to form base for designing new norms. It will allow court and the arguing parties at the sanction of concrete disputes, to refer not only to special clauses of the law, but also on the given norm, that, undoubtedly, will strengthen opportunities of protection of the corporate rights of participants of considered attitudes. Thus, the present work is of interest not only in the scientific plan, but also from the point of view of perfection of the legislation and the analysis of judiciary practice on problems of corporate management.

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Аннотация: Psychological mechanism of building a testimony is traditionally divided in three stages (phases): perception, memorizing and reproduction. The nature and results of perception are connected with the perception object and peculiarities of the perceiving individual. Minors’ perception of outer reality is conditioned by the age characteristics. During age development their perception changes, it improves. In any situation children distinguish things that attract their attention by unusual form, bright color, glitter etc. They separate reflected objects from all constant irritants not by objective significance in the situation (as adults do in most cases), but only by external characteristics. Obtaining full information about an investigated case from a minor suggests his orientation in space-temporal relation environment. However, minor’s evaluation of such relations is not always accurate. Thus, children cannot precisely identify the relative location of people y to each other and surrounding objects; time perception of minors of preschool and elementary school age is imperfect. Depending on psychological development and obtaining of knowledge during study process, accuracy of time differentiation is developed. In different stages of the processof building a testimony, the interrogatee has certain psychological conditions that should be considered by the interrogator in order to discover related distortions and select the proper interrogation technique. Emotions effect perception process differently. Some of them (curiosity, doubts, feeling of new) may improve the quality, the other, especially in ultramontane affect stage, may deform it. Such negative emotions as fear, fright or agitation bring in mistakes. Perception of an observed event does not provide its correct reproduction. As a result of feelings and perceptions, brain cortex forms temporary nervous connections (associations). Memorizing process starts from here, and memory activity starts from here as well. Memorizing of the perceived material by an interrogatee depends on time factor. With time, there is increasing danger to lose or distort information. A person in ordinary and quiet circumstances has a tendency to memorize clearly lastingly when power and brightness of an event goes up, then in extreme situations a witness, or victim, or guilty party, especially a minor, is weakened by the strong shock which may even wipe out all remembered things from memory. In procedural sense, the main and final stage of building a testimony is reproduction stage. During this stage the interrogation goal is to receive from an interrogatee meaningful for the case, maximum full information, according to the way the interrogatee perceived the information and kept it in memory. Reproduction process during interrogation shows itself in the form of word expression of thoughts made by the interrogatee. The ability to express one’s thoughts correctly depends on age of a young person and his intellectual development level. It is most difficult to interrogate minors belonging to youngest groups. In the process of reproduction of material, teenagers not always arrange and group it, nor they pay attention to most important things; sometimes secondary but bright parts of an event take first place in the story. However, in this case the interpretation of events can be too extended or extremely limited. In conclusion, it should be noticed that knowledge and skillful usage by investigator of all consistent patterns and peculiarities of the process of building a testimony involving minors, produces positive result upon the performed interrogation and fullness of obtained information by the interrogator dealing with the case; and finally, for the success of the crime investigation, in general.

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Аннотация: Due to condition evaluation and development of criminological delinquency control theory and military criminological aspects of delinquency prevention, it became possible to evaluate their criminological strain. Delinquency prevention in the army as anticriminogenic activity of the military command needs to be examined, summarized, its organization needs improvement and better effectiveness, including help of scientific support. Criminological review of legal groundwork on delinquency prevention in Military Forces has been done for the first time. Study of criminological aspects of this activity is based on recognition of specific characteristics of criminogenic delinquency factors, its reasons and conditions, and individual characteristics of an offender in the Army. Legal groundwork of delinquency prevention carries a special nature as well, which determines the necessity of its studies to establish recommendations for its rational organization. The problem of study of delinquency prevention in Military Forces as a whole phenomenon has been brought out for the first time; until now the delinquency of service members was the only subject of scientific study. At the same time, the Military Forces have good conditions for organization and conduct of such work as they represent a relatively closed community that functions at one legal ground and has one material and technical foundation, one operating order and one goal. All of this helps to summarize condition and dynamics of delinquency and discover most typical factors that lead to crime commitment of service members and develop general preventive measures for the whole Military Forces. The subject of this study is collection of events, mechanisms and consistent patterns that form legal ground for delinquency prevention in the army. Delinquency prevention subjects shall be military command bodies consisting of proper commanders, officers and staff of military justice department including departments of legal service in the army, military courts, military prosecution office, military investigating authority and security authority in the army. General purpose of army delinquency prevention as socialcriminological field of the military administration and military justice on the basis of the acting law and practice requirements are protection of rights of servicemen, protection against lawless infringement of military legal order; implementation of law observation and military administration acts by all servicemen; juridical education and education of servicemen to keep the law and military administration acts strictly; development of conditions for prevention of all types of delinquency, correction and correctional education of servicemen who committed wrong acts or crimes.

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Аннотация: The issue contains the principal materials and general reviews of the conference held in Moscow State Law Academy on December 9, 2009, in honour of the late professor and head of the Academy O.E. Kutafin.

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Аннотация: Russian parliament has a very interesting history of formation and development, that can be divided into three stages. Consideration of these stages is very important for comprehension of representation traditions in Russian state. In the period of history between 1906–1917 all activity of the State Duma was predetermined by monarch, State Duma deputies had no legislative experience. Soviet representative system can be described as a combination of supervision and legislative activity. This period can be named parliamentary only nominally. De facto single mechanism of state-party administration was the only party of decision-making process. The qualitatively new stage of development of parliamentarism in the country has begun with the approval of the Russian Constitution of 1993. Formation principles, structure, the competence of the Federal Assembly were assumed as a basis of democratic parliamentarism, though it has some tangible disadvantages, and the main are a limited number of mechanisms of control of executive power and a faulty formation procedure of the Federation Council. Its formation principles, that has been changed three times for the last ten years, hardly could be ranked both as a level of an independent chamber and an effective representation of federal subjects.

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Аннотация: At creation of the general theory of judicial examination it was considered two factors, concerning private theories of sorts of judicial examinations. First of them? The account of presence of already generated theories of such sorts (classes) as criminalistics also it is judicial-medical. The second factor is creation of new private theories of sorts of judicial examinations, including theories is judicial-autotechnical expert appraisal. Private theories can be various on volume and an orientation of knowledge formulated in them. They can define ways of a concrete definition of positions of the general theory of judicial examination. Private theories are created at the certain stage of development of each sort of examination. Legitimacy and a methodological admissibility of creation of private theories of judicial examinations admits works under the general theory of judicial examination. Now there are all bases for creation of the theory of judicial autotechnical expert appraisal and its methodology from a position knows a science and the specific laws defining development of judicial examinations. The scientific and empirical material which has been saved up by manufacture of judicial autotechnical expert appraisals, allows to finish process of preparation of its theory at the present stage. The theory of a sort of judicial examination is not equal on the volume of all scientific area, относимой to a sort of examination though is a conceptual kernel of this scientific area. Into structure of the theory of judicial autotechnical expert appraisal enter: 1. Methodological bases of the theory; 2. A subject, object and problems; 3. Methods and techniques in structure of judicial-autotechnical expert activity; 4. Subjects of expert activity. Any science is wider, than volume of its basic theory. The hypothesis in exact conformity with positions of a science meets the requirements, reflecting its objective character, and allows it to turn to the theory. These requirements the following: intelligence, consistency, check, acknowledgement, opportunity of transfer of the information, adaptedness. One of stages of creation of the theory of judicial autotechnical expert appraisal is classification and specification of language of the theory. The closing stages of formation of the theory of judicial autotechnical expert appraisal should be the analysis and synthesis of everything which are a subject processing of a material, formation of results with use of methods of abstraction and formalization. Paying attention to ordering of a knowledge available in the field of judicial autotechnical expert appraisal, it is necessary to add the theory with a directing and supervising role during the subsequent scientific research. Methodological value of the scientific theory and law of judicial autotechnical expert appraisal are shown that the theory becomes simultaneously and a specific method of research.

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Аннотация: The author describes the models and principles of forming of society’s councils in Russian regions and divides its in associative, electoral, statesocietical and mixed moidels.

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Аннотация: Today we have fairly impressive and strong international anticorruption law. Some of documents accepted by UN and Council of Europe have mandatory nature for states – members of mentioned international organizations, other have recommendation status, however, all their experience in this field has unvalued meaning for Ukraine law and other modern states. Particularly, coordinated actions of states connected by numerous strings of economical, financial, political and cultural cooperation can produce positive results in the struggle with corruption, especially related to legalization (laundering) of unlawfully collected capital, in the fight against drug business, human trafficking, traffic in arms Some foreign countries (Germany, France, Italy) succeeded in fighting against corruption. Their experience in the process of development of Ukraine anticorruption law will have positive result. Today, most of the laws accepted by Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, stay far from being perfect and they do not work. They need to be reviewed. Corruption threatens national security and Ukrainian social system, it influences formation and operation of government and political institutions, it undermines the citizens’ trust to authorities. Lately corruption activity has not decreased, and at the moment the fight against this negative phenomenon is one of urgent and central directions of state politics. During Ukraine independency period legislative and executive branches of power were not able to make serious effect at limitation of level, scale and extent of corruption. Anticorruption law consisting of more then 100 laws, decrees and Government decrees could not help to achieve the final goal – to cope with corruption, because it was directed to fight corruption among officials of middle and lower echelon and does not comply with international norms and standards to full extent. Main provisions of anticorruption law are set forth in Model Law About Fight Against Corruption accepted at thirteenth plenary meeting of Interparliamentary Assembly of states, – Commonwealth of Independent States participants. This law protects freedom and rights of citizens, it provides protection of a state from threats of corruption, affective operation of the state authorities, public officials and individuals equated to them by the way of prevention, exposure and discovering of corruption offences, elimination of its consequences and bringing in guilty party to account; it defines main principles in the fight against corruption and establishes types of offences related to corruption and conditions under which a party is considered guilty. Effective fight against corruption is only possible when an effective system exists that provides its prevention, development of preventive measures of fight efforts to this socially dangerous thing, discovering and overcoming its social preconditions and occurence.

Аннотация: The article describes Military Forces of the Russian Federation that are based on military communities. Military Forces concentrate persons of the most active criminal age who commit crimes more often than women in 6–8 times. Some anticriminal factors in conditions of poor functioning system of military community easily become the reasons of tension and conflicts. For example, strict life and household arrangement, hard charter control may be the reasons of delinquencies and crimes committed by military men. Military communities are classified into the following groups: 1) communities of military men of military service for a regular term; 2) communities of military men of common soldiers and non-commissioned, seeing duty under the contract; 3) community consisting of officers and warrant officers; 4) a specific community of chief officers. Facing social interpersonal conflicts and not possessing enough experience to solve them military men naturally choose illegal violent behavior as an example of ethic and morality. Social attitudes oriented at the theses “the strongest is always right” and “success is never blamed” often push military men to use of force on any occasion.

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Аннотация: On 3 December, 2008 on the Day of Men of Law, the International Conference devoted to the 15th anniversary of the Constitution of the Russian Federation was held in Moscow State Law Academy. Plenary reports of the prominent scholars participating in the Conference were published in the magazine: Ye.I. Kozlova. Substantiation of New Concepts of the Russian Constitution in Legal Theory N.S. Bondar. Judicial Constitutionalism: Problem Definition in the Context of the Role of the Constitutional Court in Approval of the “Live” Russian Constitutionalism G.N. Komkova. Constitutional Principles of Relations between the Power and an Individual: Implementation in the Present Day Russia A.N. Kokotov. On the Conception of “Law” in the Constitution of the Russian Federation V.I. Fadeyev. The Main Challenges of Implementation of the Constitutional Model of Local Government at the Present Stage

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Аннотация: The founding fathers of narodnichestvo – A.I. Herzen, N.P. Ogarev. N.G. Chernyshevskii dealt with the prospects of state and law development in the general context of socioeconomic progress. The ideas of freedom and democracy are interwoven in their works with the concepts of a social state, and the problems of constitutional law – with problems of social and labor legislation. In the second half of the 19th century, there came into a sharper focus in Western Europe the discussion on the degree of involvement of a state in economic activity. N.G. Chernyshevskii was one of the first ideologists in Russia to join the polemics between the adherers and opponents of “laissez-faire” – motto of economic liberalism. His conclusions were supported and developed further by other ideologists of the Russian narodnichestvo. Chernyshevskii regarded the “laissez-faire” principle as a derivative from “optimistic philosophy” of the 18th century that gave rise to the concept of a possibility of capitalist economy self-regulation. However, subsequently, economic crises and sharp social conflicts contradicted the theories on “natural movement of everything towards the better” and the “invisible hand” directing private benefit to the general good. While sharing the “benign truths” of economic liberalism, Chernyshevskii thought it was inadmissible to turn liberal ideology into a system of indisputable doctrines of capitalism that retard social progress. He realized eventually that the argument between the advocates of noninterference of a state in economic relations and their opponents has no unambiguous solution because there had always existed both trends in economic and political life as well as in public opinion: both towards more active state management of the economy by the state and minimizing such management. “Reasonable participation of the state in economic affairs and “initiative on the part of private activity” should not rule out, but, rather, are to supplement each other, stressed Chernyshevskii. An optimum combination of the two is not something given once and for all: it will have to be sought in each particular situation, at each historic moment. The state, Chernyshevskii insisted, cannot but have some influence on the economy. The question is: will that influence be transparent and in the interests of the entire society, or will it be tacit – in the interests of plutocracy connected with the government circles? Chernyshevskii believed that what was required was not the “Utopian system of non-interference,” but determining the reasonable limits for unavoidable interference.” The government should not deal with matters that can be settled without its assistance. However, where there arises the threat of heavy economic losses and crucial social injustice, “reasonable participation of the government” is necessary. When he was talking about the “limits” of state interference in economic and social relations, N.G. Chernyshevskii was not an etatist, but, rather, a humanist. According to him, “interference” is unjustified when it leads to sacrificed rights of an individual in order to satisfy the whims of the state,” and it is legitimate when it serves to widen the range of human rights, their guarantees and subjects. The founding fathers of Russian narodnichestvo supported those demands of legislative and financial measures required to improve the life of the peoples’ masses that were put forward in the advanced countries of the West. Herzen, Ogarev and Chernyshevskii were among those thinkers of the 19th century who, being guided by human rights of man and citizen, referred to afterwards as the “rights of the first generation,” started the struggle for socioeconomic “rights of the second generation.” In these matters, the stance of the founding fathers of the Russian narodnichestvo fits in the history of the development of the European sociodemocratic and labor ideology.

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Аннотация: A modern epoch produces the requirements to the process of cooperation of the in a civilized manner-legal systems. So scale influencing of legal ideas of the West and the East will fail, if before existing social and legal structures will not be taken into account. It is impossible to take the modern process of acculturation only to mechanical co-operation. The modern legal world stands on the threshold of new alternative, the search of decision of legal problems goes within the framework of this process. For example, collision of society and religious right, docking of cultures of east and western civilizations. The process of acculturation is determined ethnic, political, cultural and by other originality, combination of different receptions and methods of affecting legal systems of incoming in a contact groups. Therefore there are different ways, characteristic features of legal acculturation for every sociuma In this work on the example of Russia the features of legal acculturation, its forms, methods and results, are probed. Russia belongs to the digit of countries, in a civilized manner-legal system, which once or twice changed as a result of legal acculturation. It was not elemental copying of stranger standards of life, including legal, and their conscious and systematic borrowing. True, borrowing of stranger legal experience was almost always going after, therefore some lawyers name Russian civilization civilization of “going after development.” Thus, legal acculturation for Russia came forward as one of basic mechanisms of modernization sociokultur, including legal, systems. During millenniums a country once or twice spoke to borrowing of stranger legal tradition. Thus legal аккультурация was carried out on initiative of public power and carried out in different forms, by different ways and methods. Therefore we suggest to distinguish the followings stages of legal acculturation in Russia: traditionally-religious, mongolo-tatar dominion, Russian centralized state, empire, totalitarian (soviet), democratic (modern). In durance vile an author marks works, that legal acculturation it is the concretely-historical phenomenon which it is impossible to probe without historical and cultural descriptions of concrete of incoming in a contact groups. Ignoring of cultural originality of one or another people, including features of their legal systems and cultures hampers the process of legal acculturation. Today domestic ethnologists, anthropologists, philosophy, produced enormous material which allows to probe legal acculturation in the civilization measuring. It is therefore necessary to continue to probe the problem of cultural co-operation in the conditions of global integration.

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